Facebook Should Be Banned

Social Network: an online community of people with a common interest who use a Web site or other technologies to communicate with each other and share information, resources(dictionary. com). There are almost 500 million users of social networks and spent over 700 billion minutes a month using them. Is this hindering our social skills? There are many ways that people interact with each other such as e-mail, texting, a social network but the least used interaction is face to face.A negative impact that social networks have on our relationships is that social networks might strengthen our relationship with acquaintances and people we don’t see often; social networks weaken our strong relationships and also bring about physical social isolation. The term â€Å"social network† leads you to believe that you are in fact being social when these sites are used more for a phone book or search engine.Instead of calling your friend and asking what they have planned for the night o r weekend, you can just look at their posts to find out. This contact is very impersonal and allows the least amount of interaction between two parties Social Networks allow you to overestimate the level of intimacy you have with someone. Social networks allow you to think that a person is more committed to a relationship or friendship more than they actually are. You need to be sure you are putting in a balanced time of online and offline relationships.According to a study by John Cacioppo (researcher at the University of Chicago), those who use social networks are more susceptible to the emotional contagion effects. An emotional contagion is the tendency to catch and feel emotions that are similar to and influenced by those of others. In his studies, it was found that loneliness alone was transmitted through social networks. Also, his study showed that 52% of those who have direct social network interactions with a lonely person they too will become lonely.Those who have a â€Å" friend of a friend† connection with said person will be 25% more lonely. You’ve probably also seen that sometimes normal courtesy and politeness—aspects we would utilize in our face-to-face interactions are sometimes missing in the online space, that we would use in face to face interactions. Many of these social networks have a chat feature. Because of this many people don’t pick up on humor, sarcasm, and sympathy. Along with this, if you were in a face to face interaction you have the added facial expressions and body language.Along with this chat feature people don’t have to talk directly so it is easy to hide behind the internet because you won’t have to directly address the problem. Because of social networking many people lose their ability to hold a conversation. Many people who use social networks lose the ability to spell correctly because they use shorthand such as U, tomoro, k and many others. Social Networks are very harmful, but if you balance out your online and offline relationships and don’t let social networks become your ‘hangout’, it shouldn’t be a problem.

Public and Private Sectors Essay

* Public sector has an influence in tourism business. It is essential to outline the main policy instruments used by governments in order to manage tourism. * Public bodies influence tourism sector either directly, through organization with responsibility for tourism, which include: establishment of infrastructure, information services and creation of tourist attractions and facilities. Or, indirectly, through foreign policies and legal controls, the commercial sector of tourism industry can operate successfully, co-ordinating, promotional and regulatory role in tourism provision, and conservation of the physical and socio-cultural resources that attract tourists to destination. * Governments use demand and revenue management in order to influence demand in the industry by: marketing and promotion, information provision and network development, pricing, controlling access to the destination, safety and security. Supply and cost management are operated by environmental control, building regulations, market regulations, market research and planning, taxation, ownership, education and training and investment incentives. * Private Sector Improve the overall quality of products and services within the tourism industry (all tourism-related accommodation, restaurants, tour guides, tour operators, and other tourism-related service providers); raise the levels of demand nationally, regionally and internationally; promote competiveness within the industry; and, provide valuable and reliable information on quality standards for the tourist and the travel industry. * Provide intensive training to local communities/ private sector in various aspects of development and management of tourism businesses, and hospitality skills to provide them with better opportunities to seek employment in the tourism sector. * Comprehensive general and area-specific development guidelines for tourism zones with specific urban designing, land use planning and infrastructure planning.

Sociology Bilingualism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Sociology Bilingualism - Essay Example " Immigration has had a long history in the United States. For the most part, however, it was seldom treated dispassionately even when an attempt was made only to ascertain the pertinent facts and their reliability" (Smith & Edmonston, 1998) The option of bilingualism is not offered in the school system with the strength and emphasis that it should for children to become as knowledgeable of a different language, and understand the materials given in their native one. In some cases bilingualism as a class in a curriculum is considered as a transitional one with it's ultimate goal to push the student to choose just one language as primary and sole, for their examination, graduation and finally the end of their education. "In contrast to the Canadian context, bilingual education in the United States exists primarily as a means to aid the transition of immigrant and linguistic minority children into English" (Meyer & Fienberg, 1992.) Bilingualism then we see that goes beyond a mere program in a classroom on a school for an hour daily, it has become a moral issue. What are the consequences of this battle Who pays the consequences of this battle You would then have to analyze and question the real long-term effects on the children. Forced by their parents whom have immigrated to this country believing that their only opportunity for survival is to speak this new country's language perfect, thus by making them as far as possible from their countries of origin where so much hardship, poverty and lack of education was experienced. Having reached an average 6th grade, these parents come to this country to work manual jobs such as; waiting in restaurants, cleaning houses, construction jobs, hard labor, etc. they unawarely allow their culture; their past, their language and their country become buried in their memories making them stories of horrors passed along to their descendants. Is the government trying to hold on to an ideal Holding to an identity pure and untouched for centuries to come, and only scratches the surface of a language to apace its activists, its minority groups, yet not too subtle so that the purist who are against immigration, do not feel neglected by the system Bilingualism then has become a silent fight among those who believe America should remain the land of opportunities, the land dreamt and fought for by founding fathers such as Abraham Lincoln who believed in liberty, equality and welcomed the impoverished and uneducated to teach them and give them opportunities they do not have in their country. However these exact welcoming have then presented a hazard to the laws, the cohesiveness of the language and culture and the way of living, because this so called "Americanization" has been overwhelmingly time consuming and has left the country with overpopulated schools and undereducated students What has caused this bilingualism to rise in the United States of America and what have been the consequences of this, especially on the children in our educational system We must first trace the origin of bilingualism in schools, since the Bilingual Education Act in 1968 where it's ideal or purpose was to provide equal education and opportunities for those of minority language. The ideal being the assimilation of those who come from a different culture and education to the Americanized culture and education system. "Students must be able to understand what is presented to them in

Derivatives Markets Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

Derivatives Markets - Essay Example We have already given examples of stock options in an earlier section; we now move on to index options. Stock market indices are well known, not only in the investment community but also among many individuals who are not even directly investing in the market. Because a stock index is just an artificial portfolio of stocks, it is reasonable to expect that one could create an option on a stock index. Indeed, we have already covered forward and futures contracts on stock indices; options are no more difficult in structure. For example, consider options on the S&P 500 Index, which trade on the Chicago Board Options Exchange and have a designated index contract multiplier of 100. On 13 June of a given year the S&P 500 closed at $1241.6. A call option with an exercise price of $1250 expiring on 20 July was selling for $28. The option is European style and settles in cash. The underlying is treated as it was a share of stock worth $1241.6, which can be bought, using a call option, for $1250 on 20 July. At expiration if the option is in the money, the buyer exercises it and the writer pay the buyer the $250 contract the multiplier times the difference between the index value at expiration and $1250. In the United States, there are also options on the Dow Jones Industrial Average, the NASDAQ, and various other indices. There are nearly always options on the best-known stock indices in most countries. Just as there are options on stocks, there are also options on bonds. Interest rate options An interest rate option is an option in which the underlying is an interest rate. It has an exercise rate or strike rate, which is expressed on an order of magnitude of an interest rate. At expiration the option payoff is based on the difference between the underlying rate in the market and the exercise rate. Example: Consider an option expiring in 90 days on 180 day LIBOR. The option buyer specifies whatever exercise rate he desires. Let us say he chooses an exercise rate of 5.5 percent and a notional principle of $10 million. Now let us move to the expiration day. Suppose 180 day LIBOR is 6%. Then the call option in-the-money. The pay off to the holder is $10000000(0.06-0.55) (180/360) =$25000 BOND OPTIONS Options on bonds usually called bond options are primarily traded in the over the counter markets. Options exchanges have attempted to generate interest in options on bonds, but have not been very successful. Corporate bonds are not very actively traded most are purchased and held to expiration. Government bonds, however, are very actively traded nevertheless; options on them have not gained widespread acceptance on options exchanges. Options exchanges generate much of their trading volume from individual investors, who have far more interest in and understanding of stocks than bonds. Thus, bond options are found almost exclusively in the over-the-counter market and are almost on government bonds. Consider for example, a U.S. Treasury bond maturing in 27 years. The bond has a coupon of 5.50 percent, a yield of 5.75 percent, and is selling for $0.9659 per $1 par.

Home Buying Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Home Buying - Essay Example It possesses a momentous inheritance being built in the 1976 but comprise almost every benefit of a modern house. It has been built on a lot of acres as a 1,520 square foot condo with 3 bedrooms and 3 full baths (Weichert, â€Å"Condo for Sale in Northridge, CA†). A) The Area 1) Online Statistics a) Crime: According to the recent crime statistics presented by the Los Angeles Police Department the frequency of crimes have reduced significantly. However, in the current situation the property crimes such as, theft have increased to a certain extent (Lapdonline, â€Å"West Los Angeles Area Profile†; Los Angeles Times, â€Å"Northridge†). b) Sexual Offenders: There were ten sexual offences recorded in recent days in various parts of Northridge which can also be recognized as the neighborhood area of Rinaldi Street (Office of the Attorney General, â€Å"In Violation†). c) Density: According to the Census 2000, the neighborhood area of the selected house/condo is populated with a total number of 28,049 people (U.S. Census Bureau, â€Å"Fact Sheet†). Thus, the area is not densely populated.... According to the regulations prescribed the area is prohibited to be used for commercial purpose. The residents are also not allowed to have equine(s) in a lot area which is less than 20,000 square feet. Moreover, increasing the building over two storeys is also prohibited. However, the selected condo includes itself in the RD2 zone (American Legal Publishing Corporation, â€Å"Municipal Code, Chapter I (Planning And Zoning Code)†.). b) Walkability Ratings: On an average the area ranks 65 out of 100 in terms of Walkability. This depicts that the area is to certain extent walkable (Walk Score, â€Å"19551 Rinaldi Street Northridge CA 91326†). c) Rapid Transportation: The residents in the selected area enjoy rapid transport facilities with the transportation options available in terms of owned cars, rail roads, buses, taxis and others. The residents in the lot area also gain the benefit of various recreation centers in the walkable area (City Data, â€Å"91326 Zip Code D etailed Profile†). B) The House/Condo 1) Selling Price of Neighborhood Houses The houses/condos located in the lot area, i.e. Northridge, 91326 and possessing almost similar characteristics to that of 19551 has been recorded to have an average selling price of $300,000 (Home Insight, â€Å"Historical Sales Results†). The chart represented below shall unambiguously depict the sale prices of the neighborhood condos possessing similar features. Map Address Sale  Price Close  Date Bed Bath Sq.  Ft.    Yr.  Built 1 19547 Rinaldi St $360,000 04/07/2010 3 3 1520 1976 2 19561 Rinaldi St $320,000   03/02/2010 3 2 1404 1976 3 19569 Rinaldi St $445,770   02/04/2010 4 3 1637 1976 4 19527

Personal statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 23

Personal Statement Example Further, I would like to educate people on classical music so that people can appreciate it more. It is a rich and informative genre of music that has a lot of significance1. I also believe that the masters in music will empower me to teach more people how to compose music. Composition can be a mentally and financial enriching activity that more young people need to indulge in. I am convinced that your masters program is the best option to facilitate this ambition. In addition, I believe that the facilities at institution are one of the best in the country and it would be an honor to acquire my masters in music from your institution. I would like to be a master pianist who plays for big crowds. In recent times, I developed a keen eye for charity. I want to be able to play at huge concerts and give the proceeds to charity. I can use my skills and expertise acquired at your institution to help millions of people out there. I am particularly interested in charitable initiatives for safe drinking water, social amenities and health services. I started playing piano when I was 4 years old. I have wanted to become famous pianist and professor. When I was young I took part in a piano contest and won a prize in the piano competition several times. I got into Yewon Art Middle School which is most famous art school in Korea. I wanted to go there so I could have many opportunities to enjoy and listen to beautiful musical performances. I entered Walnut Hill School for the Arts on the recommendation of my teacher, Have-Sun Paik. At the school I was a student of a Russian teacher. While studying with her, I came to realize how much I love music, how deeply I understand a composers feeling and his historical background and what I want to show and express to the audience when they listen to my music. I held a mini concert with my teacher as a volunteer at Hebrew Senior Life in Boston every Sunday morning for the elderly who kept coughing

Video Editing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Video Editing - Essay Example They needed a video capture card that could convert incoming video and audio in digital files that users could work with, If they wanted to record a video back to tape for distribution, that card also needed to be able to handle video output (Ken, 2006).  Users needed special software that would actually handle nonlinear editing aspect of the process - controlling the capture of clips, trimming and managing the clips, moving the various clips around on a storyboard or timeline, adding titles, special effects and transitions, compressing the finished video for distribution and output. If serious about effects and transitions, they also needed acceleration hardware that would make the special effects and transitions happen quicker (Ken, 2006). Of course, editors needed big hard drives to store the raw video and audio clips, the rendered special effects and transitions, and the finished video files.  All that has changed - except for the need for big hard drives. Luckily, big hard d rives have become a lot more affordable and a lot more reliable. Over the last few years, most videographers have adopted digital video camcorders that capture video and audio in a digital format. Many computers now come with DV inputs - iLink, 1394 and Firewire making it a no-brainer to get digital video into the computer. Most programs automatically recognize the camcorder make and are able to remote control it - making it very easy to capture to transfer clips from the camcorder to the computer (Michael, 2007). In addition to handling DV in, DV also handles DV out over the same set of wires. If the DV camcorder offers DV in; it can record finished video projects from the computer back to the camcorder.  Because of the ongoing growth in processor speeds - 2 GHz processors are now commonplace and the accompanying availability and drop in the price of RAM.

Social Networking Sites Negatively Effect Adults through the Windows Research Paper

Social Networking Sites Negatively Effect Adults through the Windows of Privacy, Productivity, and Health - Research Paper Example This will drastically cut the incidents where their information is stolen or used without their permission (Collins 2008) C) The effect on productivity and overall performance is significant. Many workers have been found wasting their time while surfing and using these social networks. Numerous steps have been taken to curb its use on the internet (Das & Sahoo 2011) D) Psychological and behavioral changes due to the excessive use of Social networking sites have been observed and the most prominent one is the addiction to it. Also many people have been found to become reclusive from the society and more prone to interacting through these websites (Mackey 2009) 3. In summation, the excessive use of these social networking websites has affected many users considerably. The effects of its usage are on both on the body and mind. Social networking sites negatively affect adults through the windows of privacy, productivity, and health The rapid adoption of the social network services has re sulted in numerous researches and surveys being conducted to understand its effects on the personal and social behavior of a person. Also its excessive use has resulted in many adults facing issues of privacy and breach of security when it comes to their information. Many social network service companies are now offering better and improved services that include reading comics, playing games, and better communications with your connections and many other features, which has resulted in a negative influence on the productivity of the individuals. Many offices worldwide are simply banning Facebook and other famous social networking websites on their premises so that the employees should focus on their work. One of the most detrimental effects of social networks that have been observed is on the health of the users. It has been now attributed to psychological and behavioral changes in many users and is considered to be a health hazard in case of excessive use. This paper will try to ev aluate whether social networking sites have a negative influence and impact on the privacy, productivity and the health of many adult users (Boyd & Ellison 2007). Since their inception Social network services have changed or revolutionized the way we communicate on the internet. People who start using social network services will initially do so for many reasons, but the basic motivation is to start communicating and sustaining relationships. A social network service can be defined as a service that assists people to create their own profile on the internet which they can either make public or semi public. Apart from this, the social network service will also allow users to connect with people they know or share the same interests with. The social network services serve as a platform on which people can view and find new connections and also view their friends and family connections making it transverse and interconnected (Boyd & Ellison 2007). Social networks have been widely criti cized for privacy concerns. When a person creates their page or account on a social network, they are required to fill in some information for their public profile. But there are great variations in the level of privacy offered by numerous social networks.

How democratic is the electoral college, based on the principals and Essay

How democratic is the electoral college, based on the principals and philosophies of the Framers of the Constitution - Essay Example In a bid to achieve this objective, USA has had various ways of electing the president. General elections and the electoral colleges are the main avenues for identifying or selecting the president. In every presidential election, the two methods are used (Dahl, 2001). However, the Electoral College method usually supersedes the general election method, that is, a person with the majority of votes from the general election may fail to be the president on the basis of the Electoral College method. The Framers of the American Constitution settled on the Electoral Colleges method as a way of deciding the winner of a presidential election amidst it flows. It is important to understand how democratic the Electoral College method is within the selection of a president. This would include how the framers would evaluate the Electoral College on the basis of their founding philosophies and writing. In addition, it is important to understand what the framers would think about American governmen t today and the intentions they had as well as the objectives and aims that they (framers) wanted to accomplish in establishing a new nation. Lastly, a deeper understanding of this concept would require a comparison of the theories and structures in the classical era with those in present day realities concerning the Electoral College. ... The constitution as prepared by the framers does not reflect their views, intentions, and accomplishments as highlighted later in this discussion. It is an event that whereas the framers would have wanted an American society where the executive is selected by encrypted electors, the reality is that the American executive is selected by the manipulated, partisan, political agents, and non-representative electors. The framers would view the American government as not only undemocratic but also formed on the basis of any protected interests. Electors are usually appointed by the states in correspondence to the number of senators and other legislative representatives (Williams, 2011). It is believed that the appointment of the electors aims at protecting the interests of the smaller states, which on the basis of the framers is against the bill of rights entrenched within the constitution. Proponents for the removal of the electoral system argue that the government is formed for the peopl e and not the states (Dahl, 2001). Besides, this was the main intention and objective of the framers. The objective of the framers in entrenching the Electoral College system within the selection of the president was to have men and women of virtue and outstanding characters to select the president. Many individuals such as James Madison continue to believe that the apportionment of the electors within the Electoral Colleges goes beyond the protection of American citizens as entrenched within the Bill of Rights (Williams, 2011). One question that James Madison asks is whether the less populated states have additional rights or interests that make them entitled to special protection against the unequal representation. In this question, it

Old Man Coyote Makes the World- Crow Story -American Indian Myths and Essay

Old Man Coyote Makes the World- Crow Story -American Indian Myths and Legends - Essay Example This channel of communication and mutual understanding was evident from the very beginning of the story where Old Man Coyote wanted someone to talk to rather than someone to rule over. In his discourse with the ducks, He sought their advice rather than impose his own will upon them. Additionally, Old Man Coyote is not the all knowing creator which is commonly presented in western mythos since he does not know if there is anything in the world other than water, he does not even know that ducks can stay underwater for a long period of time. The image of the creator matches the idea of a very powerful being, but the being is not all knowing. Moreover, Old Man Coyote is not very well acquainted with many different ideas of society and social existence which were taught to him by other creatures. For instance, he does not understand war or the need for was as a social conflict that allows certain problems to be settled once and for all or as a means to improve a person’s social standing. Cirape is the character which comes across as the individual which has the wisdom of a god but does not have the strength to put his thoughts into action. Finally, the relationship which the creator animal has with other animals brings about an image of a united family since the characters address each other as younger and elder brothers. The image of family is essential to the progress of the storyline since even characters that are not cooperative and act in hostility are not killed off or banished. The case of the Bear is a predominant one since his rebellion does not take him to hell; rather he is supposed to hibernate for the winter months while the other animals can stay awake. In conclusion, the creation story of the native American mythology is an interesting work since it does give significant insights into native American culture as well as the relationships that a society should have as a result of following that particular culture. Of course

A Description of the Attributes a Presidential Candidate Should Have Essay Example for Free

A Description of the Attributes a Presidential Candidate Should Have Essay The American President represents much more than an institution. To people around the world he is representative of their hopes and fears for the future and is the focus of intense feelings and emotions. The voting process represents an extremely significant period in American politics where US citizens vote for their President. Their votes are reflective not only of the candidate they like and respect the most, but are also an indication of the person that they predict will be the most effective once in office. Despite this, their decisions are based on the candidate’s performance prior to, and during, the election process. This performance that may not necessarily be a good indication of their actual ability to run the country; the qualities needed to become a President are very different from those required to be a successful President once in office. This paper will address the attributes that are commonly cited as being necessary for someone to become a President and will dispute a number of these, offering the opinion that they are not necessarily the correct basis on which judgments should be made. See more:  Masters of Satire: John Dryden and Jonathan Swift Essay The skills and methods by which an elective may become a President are explored and will be compared to those that are actually required and valued once in office. In the United States the absence of a monarchy entails that the President often becomes the object for nationalistic or monarchical type sentiments that people in countries like England would direct at their Queen. The President is undoubtedly the most important figure in the US and holds several roles including Chief Executive, Commander in Chief, Head of the National Party and Chief Legislator. However, like the Queen in England, his supreme court have opposing powers to him and thus limit his ability to carry out some of his roles. Many people recognize one of the most important attributes for a Presidential candidate to be is a good, strong decision maker with a clear vision and direction. Candidates often use the election process to discuss problems that are evident in the way in which the country is currently being run and make willful claims as to how they would do things differently. They swear that they will have the backbone to take decisions that Presidents before them have failed to take. These type of statements appeal to the American public as they provide hope for a better future and an expectation that things will change for the better. The truth, however, is very different. Congressmen have their own electorate, interest groups and opinions on how the country should be run. The President is actually very limited in his ability to command congress to do anything and thus, the implementation of his decisions is actually a very difficult thing to achieve. What is, perhaps, more important than an ability to make decisions is an ability to persuade and influence others. If you ask people if they would vote for someone who uses strong powers of persuasion to sway their vote they would probably say no, they would prefer to vote for some who have a strong direction and vision. They wouldn’t like to feel that clever vocabulary or some type of sales approach has influenced them. No, they prefer to consider themselves people who have made a good decision based on the facts. The truth, however, that they probably were persuaded and swayed during part of the election process. This is not such a bad thing. The ability to persuade others is crucial to a successful President as he needs to be capable, through whatever means necessary, to convince others to carry out the decisions he makes. It is therefore clear that, whilst a clear vision and direction is important, what is more important both in gaining the role and completing it successfully is an ability to persuade and influence. The person who manages to influence others will do the better job, once in power it will help him get things done and in becoming President it will help him win. A further attribute that the American public will look for when selecting a Presidential candidate is a consistency of purpose. People want a President who will have courage to commit to their course of action and achieve the plans they lay out during the electoral process. However, again this may not be an attribute that delivers success once a candidate is in power and we often see very different expectations of the President. President George Bush can be cited as a prime example of this. George Bush was clear and strong in his plan to rid Iraq of Saddam Hussain, so much so that he took the United States to war. However, he later faced a great deal of criticism for his actions and many camps argue that he should have admitted he was wrong and should withdraw US troops from the US. His commitment to action was no longer valued. This paper is not intended to debate this point and pass judgment on George Bush’s actions but is using this example to show that the attributes that people may look for when selecting a President; consistency and relentless purpose may not always be what they expect once they are in power. An attribute that features heavily in people’s decision when selecting a President is realism, they like a family man whose values and emotions may seem to reflect their own. They want to feel that their President, as much as possible, has the same feelings and fears that they do and will thus act in a way that is in their interests. Whether appropriate or not, the past and present personal life of a Presidential candidate features heavily during the election process and people look for someone who has lived their life in a good and true manner. Whilst such attributes provide an indication of a person’s character and may be seen to represent the way in which they will behave once they are in power, they are not necessarily what people look for once their President are in power. They are more concerned with a person’s ability to cut themselves off emotionally from any decisions they make, distancing themselves from a situation in order to look at a bigger picture. The phrase â€Å"don’t mix business with pleasure† could not be more appropriate for a President in power. Once in the Whitehouse people consider the figurehead to be an American institution; he works for them. Personal life is no longer to be considered to be of relevance and, in many respects; they do not wish a President to show feelings as these can be construed as a weakness. Other commonly cited attributes that people discuss when they are asked what they look for in a President include honesty, integrity, leadership and intelligence. These types of attributes entail that the opinions people form of candidates prior to their election, and thus the benchmark against which they are judged once they are elected, can never be met; they are all extremely subjective values. A candidate who is elected as a new President, a replacement for the incumbent, will always be heralded as the next big thing. The nation will feel strong hope for the future of America and will truly believe that things will change for the better. However, the likelihood is that these expectations can never really be met. Time will change the position that the President occupies in people’s minds; what people perceive as good leadership now will almost certainly change over the course of the four years between elections. As such, these attributes cannot accurately be used as representations of how well a candidate will perform once in office. This paper has addressed a number of the common attributes that people cite as important within a Presidential candidate. Through exploring the difference between winning an election and actually running a country, the flawed nature of the factors upon which many votes are cast is revealed. Whilst people recognize they are voting for someone who will run their country, they rarely seem to consider the attributes that will be valued in this role, instead focusing on those required to get there. Fighting a Presidential campaign is very different from being a President. Along these lines more emphasis should be placed on attributes such as attention to military threats and needs, the economy and American interests, both at home and abroad.

Analysing Genetic Engineering With Reference To Plato Philosophy Essay

Analysing Genetic Engineering With Reference To Plato Philosophy Essay By definition, genetic engineering is the altering of the genetic structure of an organism by artificial means, to obtain the most desirable traits. Despite the numerous bioethical issues, scientists are constantly on the lookout for ways to improve human qualities such as intelligence, physical abilities, aesthetic appeal, or resistance to certain detrimental substances. There are many who feel that human need and compulsion is far more dominant than ones obligation to adhere to strict morals. Furthermore, there are strong opinions from both sides of the argument, as some believe that human ,genetic engineering is a form of improving mankind while others believe that it is morally inappropriate, as it crosses a threshold where we Play God. Lives could be changed, genes could be altered, and the entire human race could be revolutionized. The suggestion of eugenics first emerged in Platos generation. Platos Republic suggested that the group of Guardians should breed selectively. The Guardians will have families in common. Their children will be raised in common, and most importantly, they will not be randomly conceived. It was crucial that the children were bred according to the most desirable traits to become the best offspring, to strengthen the future of the Guardians. Every year, a breeding committee is selected to run a fertility festival. Suitable mates are selected by the state during ones child bearing years through a lottery ticket. This idea that humans should be bred similarly as animals was referred to as eugenics. THESIS Plato justifies his desires for eugenics through emphasizing the benefits to the future generations. It is undeniable that the general concept of eugenics is to alter the human race for the greater good, but it is crucial to be aware of the consequences that this process contains. It is necessary to conserve human diversity rather than homogenize the population through abolishing the uses of human genetic engineering. The usage of human genetic engineering should be hindered due to the numerous controversies it brings about as well as the endangerment of the human species as a whole. Furthermore, human genetic engineering raises many moral distresses towards the values of the disabled, a parents rights to alter the genes of a child, aesthetic appeal, technological advances, cloning, and the risks. Ethicists have predicted that large margins of error will be achieved by activities which are related to unnatural processes such as the tampering with the roots of human nature. Moreover, the lack of technological expertise suggests that even the most miniscule error poses could lead to unbearable consequences in this generation as well as the future generations. The process of putting eugenics into practice is much more complicated and dangerous than hypothesized. As a result, the authority to genetically alter life for the sake of societal progressions of humans is substantially questioned. DISABILITIES Technological advantages as time progressed allowed humans to fantasize about putting the idea of human genetic engineering into practice. Undesirable traits will be lost and only the exceptional traits will reside among the human population. An article entitled Scientists Playing God? We should Rejoice by Minette Marrin explains the optimistic facts of eugenics and the sheer volume of benefits attained from removing disabilities. Marrin states, And what is appealing about this early screening is thatà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ abortion and late abortion will be less frequently used in dealing with serious defects and disabilities. Although it is true that it would be easier to get rid of a tiny collection of cells, it cannot be considered as a proper solution. Whether one decides to abort a tiny collection of cells or a multi-month old fetus is nonetheless regarded as a decision to prevent birth due to genetic disabilities. While it is generally perceived to be true that people would prefer not to be born with a disability, Simone Apis of the British Council of Disabled People suggests that there are many people with disabilities who would prefer to be born. Apis also points out that people who support the idea of playing God indicate that a disabled persons life is placed at a lower. Humans have spent decades researching and enhancing their knowledge in the field of eugenics, but some have disregarded the fact that disabled humans are also humans. Life is indeed a precious gift that many disabled people will fight for their rights. Although life is perfect for no one, it is nevertheless worth living. Who is to decide what constitutes a life worthy of living? To say to a disabled person that they are equal and worth living while at the same time aborting and preventing fetuses with the same disability is unashamed hypocrisy. By altering, killing, or discarding embryos with disabilities, eugenics is exemplified at its worst, and demonstrating the extreme in fatal discrimin ation. Eliminating embryos that have impending disabilities is not equivalent to curing the actual diseases. Although people may be better off experiencing life without disabilities, they wouldnt be experiencing life at all if they were dead. If life was not worth living, then people would end it themselves. By providing the opportunity for every individual to experience life, it will be much more valued and cherished. People who attend schools with disabled children are proven to be more open-minded and innovative. Being exposed to such fundamental difference is simultaneously stimulating and educating. Thus, by eliminating the disabled from society may not be as beneficial as perceived. It may have an opposite effect on society, making us more bigoted, judgmental, and self-obsessed. Peter Singer is one of the most influential philosophers in the world. Singer is known as an animal rights activist, arguing that animals should share equal moral status as humans. Ironically, he supports euthanasia and infanticide for disabled human beings, greatly contrasting deontological values with his claimed utilitarian beliefs. His utilitarian beliefs support the overall quality of life and the ability to experience happiness. He suggests that perhaps for the disabled, life is not worth living, as their abilities to feel pain outweigh their abilities to feel pleasure. In his book Animal Liberation, he argues that the animals ability to experience pain is sufficient to put them on equal grounds with humans. He wishes to abolish all types of speciesism, where Homo sapiens are no longer superior species. On the other hand, Singer creates division among disabled people and non-disabled organisms. Singer is often criticized not because he includes animals in the realm of personhoo d, but because he leaves some humans out of it. He confirms that Its certainly nothing against people with disabilities that motivates my position. Its rather a desire to avoid suffering. It is paradoxical that Singers theory of utilitarianism can be applied so easily to the liberation of animals, but encompasses a wide range of problematic implications when applied to humans. If he chooses to diminish the sufferings of animals through liberation, why is it that he cannot do the same for disabled infants through minimization of their pain? In 1999, an article in The New Yorker identifies a crucial contradiction in Singers ethical beliefs. When his mother was suffering immensely from Alzheimers disease, portraying her as a nonperson under Singers morals, not only did Singer not euthanize her, but he spent tens of thousands of dollars every year to provide the best care for her. Singer always believed that spending money on charities towards diseases (ie: breast cancer, heart disease) was a waste of money, as he would rather give his money to improve the lives of the healthy rather than try to save the doomed. Singers response to his mothers illness was very sentimental, but it completely contradicted his utilitarian ethics. Singer is indeed a brilliant philosopher, but who is he to decide what is normal and that his ethical views towards the disabled are correct, when his overall ethical principles and actions are paradoxical within themselves? Stephen Hawking is one of the most outstanding individuals in the 20th century. Hawking is a world renowned astrophysicist and cosmologist disabled by a motor neurone disease known as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. While studying at the University of Cambridge, he was diagnosed with the motor neurone disease at the age of 21. Being a fortunate survivor, Hawking utilises a voice synthesizer to talk due to his body paralysis. He furthermore describes himself as lucky despite his unfortunate disease, because his situation did not hinder him from having a family. It was the slow progression that provided him time to make influential discoveries. Hawking has been presented with an abundance of awards such as The Albert Einstein Medal in 1979, the Wolf Prize in Physics in 1988, The Copley Medal in 2006, and the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 2009, the highest civilian honour in the United States. Detecting a propensity for the disease which Hawking possesses in his parents could have led to his prevention or termination. AESTHETICS The advancement of technology has not only attempted to eliminate weaker genes, but it has also attempted to revolutionize aesthetic appeal. A liberal society should be able to accept a wide range of ideals of the good life. However, if a parent chooses characteristics which they think are ideal but can cause suffering to the child, boundaries must be drawn to roughly define ideal. For example, if parents of a specific religious sect wanted to hinder their future childs ability to read to protect them against a possible corruption of faith, the child must be protected. With that being said, the difficulty of drawing the line is evident, as it is difficult to find a common ground in which genetic choices will justify the protection of children. In that case, restrictions which protect children from parental harm after birth should also be utilized for protection against parental genetic choices. Some parents might think that their children would become more successful if they were mor e selfish, competitive, and aggressive. If many parents agreed with this thought, they would alter their own children with such characteristics so that they would not be disadvantaged. Decisions as such can lead to unwanted outcomes from the very people who contributed to them. In a society bounded with consumerism and the promotion of a single ideal identity, we are approaching a world similar to Gattaca, eliminating all groups perceived as inferior. Transforming a generation as a whole based on a couple of ideal characteristics may not be so ideal after all. SAT Scores/Intelligence An article entitled The Egg Market indicates that in the United States egg market, SAT scores determine the prices of a womans eggs. Although humans are far from understanding the true complexity of human genetic engineering, market forces have made their ways into the hearts and wallets of consumers. From the Georgia Institute of Technology, Professor Aaron Levine conducted a study of advertisements for egg donors. The applicants were required to submit their SAT scores and a precise description of all their physical features. Couples are willing to pay tens of thousands of dollars to purchase an egg from a woman with a superior appearance and specific ethnicity. Couples are also willing to pay up to $5780 per 100 SAT points. To customize a child with characteristics that do not belong to the parents themselves may create problems in the future. Parents usually identify with their children. They are often pleased when they see hints of their own characteristics glow from their child . Similarities between parents and children are what define the unchanging relationship, as parents will be able to sympathize with their children and build a stronger relationship mutually. However, if the children share no mutual features with the parents, despite the increased abilities in the children, parents would lose the sense of parenthood. This moreover raises the question of whether the parents should be allowed to customize their child with perfect characteristics. Obesity Regardless of age, obese Americans suffer from constant discrimination from many aspects of life including relationships, employment, and education. In fact, weight appears to be a more persuasive form of discrimination, even more than other appearance-related factors such as age, race, or gender. With derogatory implications with the appearance of obese individuals, other characteristics such as intelligence and compassion are often overlooked. Obesity has been paired with negative stereotypes such as dirty, lazy, ugly or stupid by children in nursery schools. In a survey conducted, it is stated that 16% of adult Americans would abort a baby with untreatable obesity. Furthermore, in 1988, another study conducted demonstrated that students would rather marry an embezzler, a drug addict, a shoplifter, or a blind person than someone who was obese. Technological Flaws To put human genetic engineering into practice is not a process that everyone can afford. As a result, only the wealthier families will be able to afford it. Individuals may be genetically engineered to be temporarily immune to certain diseases, as it is possible for another mutation of disease to arise. On the other hand, scientists have learned from experience that progressive technology generates pressures for its use. Consequently, if genetic engineering were permitted, it is highly possible that the technology would be utilized inappropriately, employed even if exercising a less risky method could establish a comparable outcome. There are also much justified concerns that genetic engineering practitioners will overemphasize the benefits while understating the risks of the overall procedure. Because of the insufficient knowledge in the field of eugenics and frequent risks, there is inadequate justification to authorize human genetic engineering. Until this day, the potential risk s to future generations outweigh the advantages to a small number of individuals. Discoveries and stabilizations of such practices can result in international recognition, awards, grants, and other measures of wealth, status, and power. These are all compelling incentives to overstate benefits, take objectionable risks, and dismiss valid objections. Under circumstances where there is no prevention of vast harmfulness and where a large number of people are put at considerable risk, it is obligatory to be cautious. When genetically engineered organisms live among society, they put everyone at risk, not only their creators. The term playing God implies that humans should not interfere with natural selection. However, it is undeniable human interference with certain aspects of natural selection led to new discoveries such as medications. On the other hand, controversies arise when there is human interference with natural selection through the alteration of genes. Cloning One of the many greatly feared outcomes of genetic engineering is cloning. It is hypothesized that cloning could lead to a utopian race as well as to the ultimate annihilation of individuality. The mixing and matching of components and proteins has yet to be mastered, thus, until further knowledge is obtained, genetic engineering on humans is visibly risky and unsafe. On July 5th, 1996, Dolly the sheep was the first mammal to be cloned. Being of the Finn Dorset breed, although she had a lifespan of 11-12 years, Dolly suffered some unusual diseases which led her to live a life out of the ordinary and die at the age of six. If humans were to be cloned, would the results correspond to the fate of Dolly? The flaws of cloning suggest that there is simply not enough information and knowledge to perfect this type of genetic engineering. In addition, Dolly was created from an ewes egg and a cell from another ewes body. Throughout this process, no semen of ram was utilized. If that were ever to be applied to human beings, it would greatly affect the morals and values of males especially in patriarchal countries. Males would no longer be necessary for reproducing and eventually the population imbalance would increase even more than presently. Through her novel, Frankenstein, Mary Shelly attempts to alert the public to the consequences of tampering with life and death, where there are strong effects seen when toying with life. She furthermore presents a highly relevant caution against the dangers of the hubris that accompanies scientific knowledge. Scientists today are on the verge of becoming Frankensteins; relentless in their work and ignorant of the sanctity of creation. In the late 1990s, Dr. Hwang Woo-Suk from the Seoul National University conducted various cloning experiments, including the successes in cloning a cow, and dog, and an attempt at cloning human somatic cells. Despite knowing of the complexity of the DNA of a primate, Dr. Hwang continued to pursue his vision of cloning a human being. Eventually, he claimed to have successfully cloned human somatic cells, but was instantly shunned when there was clear evidence of fabricated data in his journals. As a result, he was charged with many accounts of fraud and embezzlement, throwing his entire career down the drain. In the long run, his allure to be the first scientist to break through with revolutionary discoveries eventually hindered his success. His desire for the top spot in the world of science eventually led to his dishonest actions which in turn led to his downfall as a scientist and a well respected person. Being able to clone Dolly, the first sheep, was a landmark. It is not uncommo n that Dr. Hwang would want to continue that enormous prestige, but sometimes the pressure of competition leads to actions that one would never think of undertaking. Morally, it is ultimately not beneficial to the human race as well as the scientific world. Similar to Dr. Hwang, many scientists are willing to risk their futures in an all or nothing gamble for the highest position. Scientists as such have defeated the overall purpose; they have failed to realize that the entire reason why scientists originally supported eugenics through human genetic engineering was to improve the lives of humans, rather than fight for a prestigious position in the world of science for self fulfillment. Human genetic engineering has always been a dangerous experiment to tamper with, but with the increases of selfishness, it is becoming not only technologically dangerous, but also morally hazardous to our society. Risks One of the most feared outcomes of genetic engineering is the possibility of producing an organism that will escape the control of its creator. This is exemplified through genetically engineered fish. As a transgenic animal, genetically engineered fish tend to raise problems when they interbreed with other fish that havent been genetically altered. If the process continues, it can potentially change the characteristic of wild fish in the most undesirable ways. The genetic engineering of humans presents more risks. As previously mentioned, our lack of technological knowledge could result in creating an organism turns out to be not as ideal as presumed. Furthermore, it is possible that different characteristics are genetically linked unpredictably. If this results in producing a race that was worse than expected, we would have no choice but to attempt to cope with them. There might be pleasant intentions for creating intellectual individuals only to know that they are genetically alter ed to be violent. Not only will there be catastrophic consequences, but the situation would be practically irreversible. Once the process starts, there is no going back. One must evaluate clearly before even entering the realms of human genetic engineering, as the great risks simply cannot justify the comparably minuscule benefits achieved. The risk of disastrous consequences should be enough to deter the uses of human genetic engineering. Philosophers or Scientists For/Against Genetic Engineering Human genetic engineering involves modifying the genotypes of humans before birth and manipulating certain traits of the individual. Furthermore, selective breeding as an attempt to bring out the best traits has also been practiced for centuries. The most prominent examples supporting Platos Republic is Nazi Germanys use of eugenics, eliminating the degenerates, the weak, the homosexuals, with hopes of improving the Aryan race as a whole. Adolf Hitler strongly believed that Germanys weakness originated from the weak and corrupt degenerates of society who were contaminating the German bloodstream. Adolf Hitlers use of Nazi eugenics not only sent the disabled to gas chambers, but also enforced sterilization against ones will. Sir Francis Galton was a massive supporter of eugenics. As a eugenicist, anthropologist, and proto-geneticist, Galton suggested that only by extinction of the weak can a society elevate as a whole. He wrote books such as Hereditary Talent and Character (1865) and Hereditary Genius, which states, Consequently, as it is easy, notwithstanding those limitations, to obtain by careful selection a permanent breed of dogs or horses gifted with peculiar powers of running, or of doing anything else, so it would be quite practicable to produce a highly-gifted race of men by judicious marriages during several consecutive generations. Despite supporting the risks of genetic engineering, DNA code and Nobel laureate Dr. James D. Watson states that genetic engineering within humans is a matter far too important to be left solely in the hands of the scientific and medical communities. Political philosopher Michael Sandel argues that genetic engineering is indeed a problem as it represents a kind of hyperagency a Promethean aspiration to remake nature, including human nature, to serve our purposes and satisfy our desires. Nobel Prize winning biologist and Harvard Professor, George Wald, once wrote, Our morality up to now has been to go ahead without restriction to learn all that we can about nature. Restructuring nature was not part of the bargain. For going ahead in this direction may be not only unwise but dangerous. Potentially, it could breed new animal and plant diseases, new sources of cancer, novel epidemics. Hitlers justification of enforcing eugenics is very similar to Platos justification. Both individuals wanted a pure race. In Hitlers case, he wanted a superior Aryan race and Plato wanted the Guardians to be a superior race. When Galton states that eugenics can produce a highly gifted race, he has not taken into the consideration the process behind the hypothesized result. Not only do Hitler and Galtons desire for an ideal race blind the real dangers in the progression, there is a higher possibility that the future is accelerating their fates of doom. Whether it is a Nobel laureate, a Harvard professor, or a political philosopher, the idea is the same. All three brilliant individuals understand the harm that stands in the way of enforcing eugenics through human genetic engineering. The process of altering nature can lead to dangerous and most importantly, irreversible modifications. CONCLUSION During the time of Platos Republic, Platos intentions for eugenics were intended to create a superior race. However, he has failed to realize that eugenics, especially through the process of genetic engineering, should be deeply prohibited, as it raises too many morally vexing concerns. The technology nowadays is insufficient to control the full process of genetic engineering. Despite this, humans are pressured under societal progressions to continue the process of revolutionizing the human race. Tampering with the nature of plants may result in positive and negative creations. Similarly, the genetic engineering of humans may lead to something revolutionary, but sometimes the promises of short term benefits will be plagued by long term misfortunes. The irreversible nature of human genetic engineering should be more than enough to hinder this process. Human genetic engineering leaves no room for errors, as the tiniest flaw in the processes can trigger fatal consequences that will affe ct the present as well as the future. It is necessary to conserve human diversity rather than homogenize the population. It is important to be sentimental towards the disabled, to question positive genetic engineering, as well as consider the numerous technological dangers. By enhancing intellectual skills, there could be a lack of resistance to a certain disease. In order to cope with the next century, we will have to alter and distort life of the planet, to the extent where the definition of being human is lost. Eugenics cannot be seen as the solution to eradicating disabled or aesthetically unappealing. Not only is that discrimination, but it also damages the society as a whole. With that being said, no matter how much we attempt to perfect human nature, there is bound to be a price to pay with every distortion.

Macro-Environment of British Airways (BA)

Macro-Environment of British Airways (BA) One of the biggest airlines in the UK is British Airways (BA) which is domination domestic and international flights in the UK. Its international flights go up to 150 destinations around the world which does not include its partners and franchise. But, from the last ten years BA is going through neck to neck competition as well as a lot of management problems which is creating a lot of problems for the company and at the same time it is also taking the business away. The assignment will let us know how is BA performing, what strategies plans are to be used for the development of the company and have a good hold in the market. Things or Models like PESTEL, SWOT and Value Chain would help BA to come up with strategies that it would have good competition with it competitors. Strategies like bringing down the prices as well as cost, at the same time promoting its brand and also taking interest in mergers and alliances which would bring the economy of the company up. INTRODUCTION: BAs main aim and focus is on providing high quality but at high prices but it is not like other flights who have low prices just to increase their profit but at the same time they dont have any quality service taking place at all. BAs main targeted customers are the high class or in other words the Executive Class customers. This is because they earn their revenue from these customers only. But from the last ten years BA is going through a very challenging phase because its market rate and revenue both have dropped drastically and the reason for this is because of the increasing and new competition coming in the industry(Milmo, 2008); which is as explained through Porters 5 Forces. The main competitors for BA are Royal Dutch Airlines, Virgin Atlantic, EasyJet and Ryanair. To get through these competition, BA had come up with many strategies and also took advantage of its opportunities and strengths. This has been explained in SWOT analysis and also in TOWS and Porters Generic Strategies. COMPANY HISTORY OVERVIEW: British Airways Plc was once upon a time a subsidiary of Imperial Airways, which was created by merging four British airlines, this was taking place in somewhere in 1924. But, later on by 1939 for some period of time the brand had disappeared, but by 1974 when idea for nationalisation came for British Airlines .This was the time when two main airlines joined their hands and merged together i.e. British European Airways (BEA) and British Overseas Airways Corporation (BOAC) and formed into British Airways. In 1987 because of some financial problems the airline got privatised in 1987. BA, at the moment does not only caters service of carrying customers but also at the same time gives service of air cargo and mail service also(Bourne, 2007). To make its position in the market better BA is continuously coming up with new strategies, like giving to its customers advanced service, bringing in new aircrafts and having full corporation with its customers and at the same time taking responsibilities of theirs. To evaluate the external factors that critically affect the strategic decisions of the airline Macro Environment of BA is explained below: MACRO ENVIRONMENT OF BRITISH AIRWAYS: Before coming up with any strategy for British Airways it is very important to analyse the Macro Environment of British Airways. Because of this reason PESTEL analysis is been done and the external factors are being highlighted that are effecting the business of the company and what opportunities should it take in and what can cause a big treat also at the same time. PESTEL Analysis: (P)olitical Factors: To make sure that the security of the passengers are good BA has to enhance its safety ways as per the needs of Department for Transport (DFT) (Memorandum from BA Plc, 2005). To work properly it is very important for to go according to the rules and regulations set up by the Association of European Airlines (Buyck, 2010). (E)conomical Factors: As per the economical factor in the year 2008 the spending of the consumers of UK declined drastically, this had taken place after thirteen years because of which the competition in the market became more severe (The Telegraph, 2008). BAs full business totally depend on the executive class customers ,but right now the this has also decreased because of the cost cutting programs that are taking place in every industry. Even the daily changing oil prices effects a lot to the company as taking financial decisions get very hard. And off lately because of the global economic meltdown that had taken place recently there has been a drastic drop in the Airline Industry. (S)ocial Factors: Bargaining power of an employer has increased because there is an increasing rate of unemployment which is a big advantage to BA.As time is passing the demands of customers are increasing because of which facilities and services are also changing because of which threats are also increasing. Ageing is also a problem that UK is facing a there are more old people than young , which means that the number of flyers will keep decreasing in the future. (Office for National Statistics, 2010). (T)echnological Factors: As technology is increasing customers service at the same time is also improving. Comparing ticket prices online and knowing about the flight is very much possible online, so customers find the best prices online. Because of which they tend to go more for low cost airlines. Not only cost can be found out online but E-ticket reservations and online check in can also be done which is having a lot of popularity. BA needs to keep up with the growing IT and also make sure that everything is user friendly. (E)nvironmental/Ethical Factors: Environment also plays a very important role in this. As time is passing customers are becoming more environment friendly and they want less pollution. This is the only reason that expansion of Heathrow is having a lot of barriers as there is a lot of carbon gasses emission taking place(DFT, 2009). In the past BA had gone through noise pollution issue because of its Concorde flight. Ethical issues like misplacing of bags and cancellation of flights should be looked into or else the reputation of the brand will get lost. (L)egal Factors: Mergers have to be kept to a very restricted (Ownership rules in America) which would show certain limitations in respect to the union on American Airlines with BA (Knibb, 2010). Waiting for trade union to take any action, it is better to keep good relationship with the unions so that there are no unions taking place. VALUE CHAIN: SUPPORT ACTIVITIES: Firm Infrastructure: Structural Organisation gives BA the facility to come up with better strategies as well as have better communication within the organisation. But, this can sometime effect the operations taking place in the company. Human Resource Management: Off lately BA has spent quite a lot in training programs so that they can recruit the best, so that these best can provide the best customer service (British Airways Annual Report, 2007-08).BA has gone through many problems like Cabin Crew strike, granting of sick absence and demand for increasing of wages(Gray, 2007). Technology Development: By introducing services online in the flight and communication facilities BA has got a chance to gain competitive advantage by creating value for its customers Procurement: Since BA is a very old organisation it has got good relations because of which it can take advantage of and increase its economy by dealing with suppliers very well. PRIMARY ACTIVITIES Inbound Logistics: The important features how to control stocks, better training facilities (BA Press Office, 2008) and past good relationship with suppliers (e.g. Gate Gourmet Catering Services). Operations: Features like online check-in and e-booking attracts customers more. Outbound Logistics: Customers are allowed to choose which ever flight they want to and where ever they want to go and which every airport they want to land on, because of there are slots available at different airports. Marketing Sales: When the financial background is strong there are many investments taking place and because of which more promotion takes place because of which the revenue gets improved. But, if the marketing strategies are not right and not that innovative then there are chances of loosing out of customers to another competitive flights. Post Sales Services: Giving customers the chance to give their feedbacks and asking them to give their views which in turn helps BA to connect to its customers very well and improve themselves. Because of which the business and the company can incur profit.

Sir William Wallace :: essays research papers

When the king of Scotland died without an heir to the throne the nephew of the king also the king of England nicknamed Edward the Longshanks (Edward I) took the throne for himself and complete control of Scotland. William WallWhen the king of Scotland died without an heir to the throne the nephew of the king also the king of England nicknamed Edward the Longshanks (Edward I) took the throne for himself and complete control of Scotland. William Wallace was Born in January of the year 1272. He was the second of three sons. He was born in the town of Elerslie, which was in Scotland. His Father Sir Malcolm Wallace held the title of knight but had little to no political power. Wallace's Father was involved in a revolt called Turnberry Band when William was 14 years old and was sent to live with his uncle Argile. His Uncle taught William Latin and French and how to be a swordsmen.When William's father returned from the revolt at Turnberry Band William was 17 years old. Fighting between rival families and rival towns were heating up. Civil War was about to Break out in Scotland. Brawling and riots inside towns turned into full scale battles, Where in the Battle of Loudoun Hill William's father was involved and killed. William Stayed with his mother For two years until he met Murron Braidfoot and married her in the year 1272. There are many tales on how William Wallace became and outlaw after his marrige, one such is that one day Wil liam was fishing at a near by lake when a group of english soilders approached him and demanded william give them the fish he had caught. William trying to get food for himself and his wife said they could only take half. The soilders enraged lunged at William. But William fought off and killed both of the guards, forever becoming an outlaw. In The month of may 1272 A group of english soilders under the command of The English Sheriff of Lanark, William de Hazelrig ordered the death of William's wife. It seems that William had already started his revolt against England when his wife was murdered in an attempt to arrest Wallace. Wallace's huge act of rebellion attracted the attention of common folk and Scots nobles alike, all of whom were unwilling to bear Edward the Longshanks laws.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Rebelion forces under William Wallace were scattered all over scotland but they all submerged together and met a larger more equipped english army at the Battle of Stirling. The Battle of Stirling happened a little differently

How Moods Are Affected By The Sun :: essays research papers

How Moods Are Affected By The Sun Thesis: The amount of sun people receive affects their mood. A young woman lies asleep on a cold, overcast winter morning. At 4 A.M., a faint incandescence radiates from a light bulb placed near her bed. The light gradually gains intensity and covers until 6 A.M., when the woman awakes. She had just experienced a simulated dawn of a new day. After being treated with this for several days, the woman's annual winter depression slowly goes away. Does this mean that the less sun you get the worse you feel, or perhaps the more you get the better your mood? It is very possible that you may feel this way as millions of people worldwide have experienced it first-hand. This phenomena is still sort of a mystery as many researchers don't completely understand why this happens. "It may be that certain individuals have inherited vulnerability that causes them to develop depression in the absence of exposure to sufficient environmental light"1. Frederick A. Cook, the arctic explorer, provided a vivid description of the effects of prolonged darkness on the human psyche: "The curtain of blackness which has overfallen the outer world has also descended upon the inner world of our souls," Cook wrote in his journal on May 16, 1898, "Around our tables . . . . men are sitting about sad and dejected lost in dreams of melancholy. For brief moments some try to break the spell by jokes, told perhaps for the 50th time. Others grind out a cheerful philosophy; but all efforts to infuse bright hopes fail."2 Some believe that light affects the body's ability to make serotonin, a neurotransmitter that helps induce feelings of calm and well being. The eye's sensitivity may also play a part in sun/mood relations. A study was done to a group of people in the winter and summer. In the winter the many individuals experienced much more difficulty seeing dim light after sitting in the dark for a while.3 Another study done in Vancouver shows that electrical activity in the retinas when a bright light is shone, is significantly less in winter4. As much as 5% of Americans suffer from Seasonal Affective disorder, also known as SAD5. SAD is an illness in which the sufferers feel depressed, feel lethargic, and they overeat . There is no known cause for this widespread illness. Many researchers of SAD are speculating on the idea that SAD patients might have seasonal variations in their melatonin secretions. A study of melatonin patterns in SAD sufferers was done to determine if melatonin was a

Dreams in F. Scott Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby Essay -- F. Scott Fit

Dreams in F. Scott Fitzgerald's The Great Gatsby The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald, is a novel about the American Dream. In the Great Gatsby, the dream is that one can acquire happiness through wealth and power. To get his happiness Jay attempts to reacquire the love of his lost sweet heart, Daisy. The main problem with Jay's dream is that Daisy is married. Gatsby's personal dream symbolizes the larger American Dream 'The pursuit of happiness'. Jay Gatsby longs for the past. Surprisingly he devotes his adult life trying to recapture it and dies in its pursuit. In the past, Jay had a love affair with a young rich girl, Daisy. Daisy and Jay had fallen in love with each other in spite of knowing that they could not marry because of the difference in their social status. For the first time in Jay?s life he was truly happy. During their courtship, Jay was sent off to war. Upon returning from the war, Jay found out that Daisy had married a wealthy man by the name of Tom Buchannon. Jay then spends his life acquiring wealth to reach her economic standards, in hope that he can marry her and rekindle the happiness that he once had. His love for Daisy was impossible in society because "he was at present a penniless young man without a past?he had no comfortable family standing behind him" (156). Gatsby encounters his dream of love at this point of his life. He knew that at that time a relationship of love was impossible with Daisy due to his low social standing. Gatsby became determined to breach that gap between them in order to have a loving relationship with Daisy. He did reach the physical circumstances necessary to love her, but he had focused too much on money and power the previous five years of his life. He wanted his love with Daisy to flourish. Unfortunately, he had lost the ability to love. He no longer possessed moral integrity or the ability to handle a relationship. Society is often broken up into different social groups by their economic status. Those of lower classes believe that their problems will go away if they can gain enough wealth to reach the upper class. Many people believe that the American Dream is this joining of the upper class, and once reaching that point, not having to be concerned about money at all. The logic behind this is that being poor keeps people from being happy, a... ... past. And finally, Jay?s dream was his own death, in that the rest of his life was spent trying to relive the past. His dream consumed his life so much that it had changed him to the point where he was no longer a human. He was more of a zombie who was driven to do anything it would take to realize his dream. The Great Gatsby as he came to be known, was just a young boy who wanted love more than anything else in life. His strong ambition, and immoral ways to achieve his dream took him to his grave. His life in this story is one of constantly wanting what other people have, whether it is money, social standing, or another man?s wife. It is my belief that is what F. Scott Fitzgerald wants us to take home with us. The dangers of coveting what other people have. Bibliography: Novelguide.com. ?Novel Analysis, The Great Gatsby.? Online. Available: http://www.novelguide.com/thegreatgatsby/novelsummary.html. June 9, 2000. Andrew Dilling. ?The Great Gatsby Website.? Online. Available: http://www.geocities.com/andrew_dilling/. June 9, 2000. Fitzgerald, F. Scott (1996). The Great Gatsby The Authorized Text. New York, NY: Addison Wesley Longman Inc.

Ikea Supplier Selection

Building a sustainable supply chain An IKEA case study Page 1: Introduction [pic] It is easy to think about the present without considering the future. Consumers want more goods and services to improve their standard of living. The problem is they make choices about goods and services that have long-term consequences for the environment. In our modern world, organisations need to show responsibility. This means that they use resources efficiently, do not harm the environment and consider how what they do affects the ability of future generations to meet their needs. [pic] IKEA aims to be a responsible organisation.It sells low-price home furnishing products around the world. These include furniture and accessories for kitchens, bedrooms, living rooms, bathrooms and children†s rooms. IKEA now has stores in 36 countries around the world. It has come a long way in its 60 years of business. IKEA vision The direction for the organisation is provided by its vision. This acts as a gui de for everybody within and outside the organisation about what IKEA wants to achieve. IKEA's vision is ‘To create a better everyday life for the many people. ‘ To meet its vision IKEA provides many well-designed, functional products for the home.It prices its products low so that as many people as possible can afford to buy them. [pic] However, in creating low prices IKEA is not willing to sacrifice its principles. ‘Low price but not at any price' is what IKEA says. This means it wants its business to be sustainable. IKEA supplies goods and services to individuals in a way that has an overall beneficial effect on people and the environment. Customers all over the world have responded positively to IKEA's approach. This is evident in its increasing sales. In 2006 IKEA had a group turnover of nearly 18 billion euros.Page 2: Sectors of industry and sustainable supply chains When consumers go to a retailer like IKEA, they will be looking at the different ranges of pro ducts and how they are presented. They may also look for quality customer service. However, consumers may not be aware that before products reach them, they must move from being raw materials through a variety of stages to become finished products suitable for sale. This is known as the supply chain. [pic]The supply chain involves a flow of production and processes through each of the three industrial sectors: [pic]IKEA takes its responsibilities seriously and organises its operations in order to have a positive effect upon the environment: [pic] †¢ It aims that all the products and materials it takes from the primary sector do not harm the environment. †¢ Its products are manufactured in a responsible way. The case study looks in detail how IKEA has achieved its aim to be a responsible business in each of the three sectors of the supply chain. Page 3: The primary sector [pic] IKEA is not a primary sector organisation but it needs raw materials to develop its products.It t herefore works closely with primary sector suppliers to ensure a sustainable impact on the people and the environment in which it operates. The primary sector involves the development of the raw materials. IKEA designs its own products. At the design stage, IKEA checks that products meet strict requirements for function, efficient distribution, quality and impact on the environment. Low price is one of the main factors that IKEA considers in producing well designed, functional home furnishings available to everyone. IKEA buys products from more than 1,300 suppliers in 50 countries.It uses a number of trading service offices across the world. They negotiate prices with suppliers, check the quality of materials and analyse the environmental impacts that occur through the supply chain. They also keep an eye on social and working conditions at suppliers. Environmental impact [pic] IKEA uses a tool – the ‘e-Wheel' – to evaluate the environmental impact of its products . The e-Wheel helps IKEA to analyse the four stages within the life of a product. This also helps suppliers improve their understanding of the environmental impact of the products they are supplying.Approximately 50% of IKEA's 9,500 products are made from wood or wood fibres. This is a good resource as long as it comes from sustainable sources. It can be recycled and is a renewable resource. [pic] IKEA creates many design solutions to minimise the use of materials. For example: †¢ some tables are made out of recycled plastic †¢ some rugs are made of material clippings that would otherwise be wasted †¢ products such as water cans are designed to be stacked. This means that more can be transported in each load, reducing the number of lorry journeys and therefore lowering fuel costs.Each of these ideas helps IKEA's products to be more sustainable and reduce the impact on the environment. Supplier codes of conduct A key part of IKEA's success is due to its communications with materials' suppliers and manufacturers. During manufacturing IKEA specifies to its producers that waste should be avoided. Where waste does occur IKEA encourages suppliers to try to use it in the manufacture of other products. IKEA has a code of conduct called the IKEA Way of Purchasing Home Furnishing Products (IWAY). This contains minimum rules and guidelines that help manufacturers to reduce the impact of their activities on the environment.The IWAY code complies with international legislation. A product in use should not have a harmful effect upon consumers or their environment. For example, it should not cause allergies. If it uses energy, it should do so efficiently. When a product comes to the end of its useful life, it should be possible to reclaim or recycle the materials that make up the product. Such materials can then be re-used for making other products. Page 4: The secondary sector Manufacturers within the secondary sector create IKEA products from raw materials.A s products move through the supply chain, the process of value-added takes place. [pic] [pic] IKEA designs many of its products so that the smallest amount of resources can make the best products. For example, IKEA saves on resources by using hollow legs in furniture (e. g. the OGLA dining chair). Another example is by using a honeycomb-paper filling material instead of solid wood for the inside of table tops (e. g. the LACK series). As manufacturers or suppliers add value to products, the IWAY code of practice identifies IKEA's minimum requirements.The IWAY code of practice expects suppliers to: †¢ follow national and international laws †¢ not use child labour †¢ not use woods and glues from non-sustainable forests †¢ reduce their waste and emissions †¢ contribute to recycling †¢ follow health and safety requirements †¢ care for the environment †¢ take care of their employees The application of the code raises standards. Each of the requireme nts within the code of conduct helps to develop sustainable business activities. They have a positive impact on the business environment in which the suppliers operate.They also improve the experience of people working for those businesses. To monitor suppliers, IKEA regularly carries out an IWAY audit. This involves talking to employees and inspecting documents and records. IKEA visits suppliers on-site on a number of occasions to ensure that they are following the code of conduct. The code of conduct for suppliers and the work with other organisations underlines IKEA's commitment to ‘low price but not at any price'. Although IKEA wants its customers to enjoy low prices, this should not happen at the expense of its business principles. [pic]Sustainable partnerships In 2000 IKEA formed a partnership with UNICEF to work on a community programme in Northern India. The aim of the work was to prevent child labour by raising awareness and addressing the root causes. IKEA has also f ormed a partnership with the World Wildlife Fund (WWF). IKEA and WWF have committed themselves to promoting the sustainable use of natural resources. This helps to ensure that forests can be used both now and in the future. To support sustainable partnerships with suppliers, IKEA works with other organisations. For example, IKEA and WWF actions have led to: a series of training courses for people in Russia, Bulgaria, Romania and China on responsible forest management †¢ the development of forestry plans in China †¢ demonstrations to managers in Latvia on the benefits of responsible forestry All these projects show IKEA's commitment to supporting sustainable practices. Page 5: The tertiary sector [pic] Businesses in the tertiary sector provide a service, such as banking, transportation or retailing. They do not extract the raw materials or make products themselves. 11% of businesses within the UK are retailers.In the tertiary sector, IKEA's retail stores add value to manufa ctured goods by providing a form of shopping different to the usual high-street experience. IKEA has more than 260 stores in over 36 countries. These meet the needs of consumers in a number of different ways: Retailing turnover in the UK was more than ? 250 billion in 2006. †¢ Each IKEA store is large and holds more than 9,500 products giving lots of choice. †¢ Within each store, there are a number of realistic room settings that enable customers to see what the products would look like in their own homes. The IKEA store is built on a concept of ‘you do half, we do half; together we save money'. This refers to, for example, the customer assembling furniture at home. †¢ Customers handpick products themselves using trolleys. †¢ IKEA provides catalogues and home delivery to save customers† time. †¢ IKEA stores have restaurants that provide Swedish dishes alongside local food choices. To make its activities more sustainable, IKEA has set up many loca l UK initiatives: [pic] †¢ In 2006 IKEA UK recycled more than 70% of its waste products. Its goal is to recycle 90% of materials. To reduce environmental impact, in 2006 IKEA UK started to charge for carrier bags. This reduced the use of carrier bags by 95%. In June 2007 IKEA UK removed carrier bags from its stores completely. †¢ In December 2006 IKEA UK gave a brand-new folding bike to each of its 9,000 employees. It also gave subsidised travel tickets to encourage them to travel to and from work on public transport. †¢ IKEA UK has provided low-energy light bulbs to its entire UK workforce and switched its fleet of company cars to low-emission hybrid models. Page 6: Conclusion [pic] IKEA's long-term ambition is to become the leading home furnishing company.However, for IKEA, getting there is not simply about developing profitability and market share. As a global organisation IKEA has chosen to undertake a leadership role in creating a sustainable way of working. It h as educated suppliers to understand how and why sustainable production is vital. This has helped IKEA differentiate itself from its competitors. Consumers are made aware of IKEA's commitment to sustainability through its involvement with many other organisations such as the WWF and UNICEF. IKEA is now considered by both suppliers and consumers to be a responsible company that they can trust.

BPR and TQM in Commercial Construction Industry

The money devising(prenominal)isedised twist effort is the largest persona of social structure industry in unite States. The course started to gain popularity in the 1990s as the unassailable economic increment lead to strong accept toward the run in the industry. Companies worked indoors the industry vary from sm perpetuallyy(prenominal) contractors who be possessed of one-year taxation of $1 million, until the multinational federations whose pull ins exceeded $1 billion from each one year. The industry is a little incompatible with new(prenominal) components in the bodily structure industry.For example, commercial twirl roll in the haynot trust on shrinking interest evaluate to prevent the downside of an economic surge in the early 21st century. As mint started spend less on immature twirl works, the industry degraded. Commercial verbal expression is a competitive industry. Contractors prevalently work sub-contractors, which can be divided into cardinal types, group-up work subcontractors and finish-out work subcontractors. With stricter regulations and much(prenominal) specialised demands from the consumers, trading expires much contend for everyone.Projects rick more(prenominal) obscure and time constraints become more demanding. All of which lead to intimately sm on the wholeer profit margin in the end. Dealing with these contends, players in the commercial braid industry be desperate for a radical solution, one that go forth let them competitive advantages to pop off the all the challenging demands. In this paper, I am providing two alternatives of solution for the commercial verbalism industry. The premier alternative is be character instruction (TQM) and the second is communication channel knead Reengineering (BPR).Both of these alternatives ar worldwide known managerial judgmentions intentional to improve the eccentric of bodily kneades. II. Challenges in Commercial formulation effo rt before we discuss how TQM and BPR could jock companies improve their answeres, I pass on elaborate nearly of the challenges in commercial look industry that take on to be plyressed. II. 1. Highly Cyclical Demands The commercial spin melodic line is highly touch on by the health of US economy. Surges and downturns devote direct parcel toward the increase or decrease in revenues, expenses and profits.Economic trends similarly squ ar off the counsellor of the melodic phrase. Some commercial social structure companies try to tackle the issue by developing multiple specialties. However, the fixed embody invested in all of the specialties is nevertheless burdening the credit line. Furthermore, by having multiple specialties, companies shit to manage cost more c arefully to maintain profit in each one. II. 2. Uneven Revenues and Expenses Contractors of commercial construction are demanded to give way sizeable amount of working capital at their disposal at all time s. This is measurable due to two reasons. First, the price of clean materials fluctuates constantly.Second, clients of the lodge in could finalise to liquidate at random intervals, without considerations of contractors requirements. In large throw ups, the bills flow is even larger and indeed created the affect for careful cost guidance. II. 3. handiness of Skilled Personnel Personnel accessibility has al airs been an issue in the construction industry. This is due to the scant(p) image of construction workers all over the globe. Nevertheless, with the increasing complexities of construction work and the wish for more dexterous construction workers, the issue of personnel handiness has never been so of the essence(predicate). sharpening cannot afford to do unskilled labor to fulfill complex demands from clients. Thus, training periods and becoming more important and also cost anxiety to bind tone training sessions. II. 4. Consolidation of Projects With the progressively high competitive pressure, many contractors decide to submit to consolidation growth, and opposite contractors kick the bucket into the role of sub-contractors. This created an unexpected risk. As construction contracts becomes fewer and larger, cash flow centering of each project becomes a dowry harder to manage and pecuniary risks of each project also increases.Today, many commercial construction companies depend of only several annual contracts for most portions of their revenues. II. 5. High Insurance be The commercial construction worry is characterized by high insurance cost. Contractors are demanded to pay high premiums for many insurance policies, including general liability, workers insurance, etc. This insurance problem is exacerbate by the material and installation defects issues and unlimited workers. Thus vigilance cannot afford to have poor bookkeeping and cost management. II. 6. enthronisation in TechnologyTo serve the increasing demand for u nique and modern feature of constructions, contractors in the commercial construction wrinkle moldiness invest more heavily in high technology. This poses as an other(a) challenge for contractors because prices of equipment are also become more expensive and more vary. Contractors would need to make more capital investment management more diligently and more carefully. (Industry Overview, 2006) III. intact tonus way center Quality Management is a company-wide antenna to quality onward motion in in incorporated processes and activities.The concept has become a way of doing business sector for companies in various industries all over the globe to improve the quality of corporate processes in all de take leavements and practicable areas. Despite to the large nature of differences in corporate processes in diametrical industries, Total Quality Management restores several functions that have become common features of all managerial structure. These defined corporate function s lead past become the snap of process onward motions. The common functions that become the center of attention in TQM are 1. Serving customersThe focus of all companies whether they are manufacturing or work companies is to nominate for their customers satisfaction. In the basis of this principle, management must understand that categorizing business into manufacturing and table service are actually senseless. The more important function to master is clearly identifying specific customers of the corporation and also their needs and preferences. TQM invites corporate managers to regenerate focus on this particular act through market researches, surveys and other studies. Management must constantly learn more or less their customers 2. unclutter Management section in Quality Improvement All business reforms started with the authorise managers and can only be maintained by constant and fit battle from the guide managers. This includes quality management efforts. Top managers have the key function of providing direction and motivation for their subordinates. Employees provide only take part when they already understand the importance of playacting improvements. TQM invites managers to understand the crucial nature of their actions in quality improvements and thus, making the necessary adjustments to achieve the defined targets.3. Employee Participation After ensuring sack up management are doing their part in the quality improvement process, TQM takes us to focus on employees and how they have participate in support of the effort. Employees are the final send out where products and services are still in the governances control. Thus, if they have equal commitment not to allow the propagate of poor quality products and services, then in that location would be little chances that customers ordain ever discover unsatisfied products or services delivered to them. 4. Identifying Quality Issues and Developing SolutionsEvery company has a sy stem knowing to discover poor quality. The system is generally built from a cross section of various functions within the organizations so that their combined attention volition be able to identify quality defects more diligently and furthermore, educe achievable solutions. TQM invites managers to take advantage of the system and focus on developing their potential into maximum. In the new quality system, top management must also take part in defining quality defects, discovering quick opportunities for improvements and formulate possible solutions. 5.Employee Training and Employee Management Even the most highly change companies require skilful and highly move employees to run their processes. TQM bring focus on employee management processes to increase the quality of corporate operations as a whole. First, management should develop their employee training process as corporate targets changes. Second, organizations should provide continuous educational support even to the lo nger-time employees. Third, organizations should design a working environment where employees would have a sense of pride when they are doing a good job.Fourth, management must ensure that the compensation system is bringing sufficient motivation to attract creativity and fresh ideas from employees. (Hammer, 1993) The lieus of TQM elaborated above will instigate managers within the Commercial Construction business to deal with the challenges of their environment. For instance ? The first perspective of customer service can aline managers perspective in the commercial construction business in how to do their job. Managers of the commercial construction business could begin to chew the fat that all their construction work are only when means to satisfy clients.Thus, they will begin to involve client more actively in their decision making processes. ? The second perspective of TQM, which is improving top management involvement in business processes, can develop managerial aesthes ia on employees workload. If managers can understand their employees break away, they will be more considerate in making consolidation decisions and technology investments ? The tierce perspective of TQM will help managers in the commercial construction industry to better integrate with their employees in performing business processes.Employees must be informed of the corporate targets and goals so they can be more motivated in performing their work, sagacious that they will make meaningful section for the organization as a whole. ? The quaternate perspective or TQM can help management in discovering cost decrease opportunities in the midst of the more demanding business environments, especially when consolidation projects are extensively performed. ? The fifth perspective of TQM aligns perfectly with managerial sentiments of the commercial construction business to call down training and education to ensure that each process is managed by highly suffice personnel.As complexi ty level proves, this focus becomes more vital. IV. art Process Reengineering IV. 1. Definition care Process Reengineering (BPR) is a quality improvement system, the equal as Total Quality Management (TQM). It is a management set slightly to improve the quality of processes by com representation on cleverness and effectiveness of the process that exist across the organization. Many reckon difficulties in differentiating between TQM and BPR, but in most articles regarding BPR, it is always elaborated that BPR has a more radical view about business processes and its incumbrance necessities.According to BPR, business should define their core processes and focus solely on those activities. Other activities that do not add place to products or services existence produced are considered waste. IV. 2. The need for BPR Oneil (1999) identified that there are actually three kinds of BPR causes. These causes can be explained by the conditions in which the organization finds itself ? First, companies invite BPR concept and its implementation because they have no pick.These companies find themselves in thickheaded trouble and they have no choice but to design changes in a depth and magnitude level that some would call radical. This is why the concept is referred to as Business Process Reengineering. ? Second, companies are not in trouble yet but they perceived clearly that the future would be problematic. ? Third, the company is actually in its boot position, but they see opportunities to develop a competitive edge over their competitors III. 3. carrying into action of BPR A short model of implementing BPR will be described in this subchapter 2.Define mission and vision asseveration that contains the unique value of the organization in comparison with others 3. realize clear business strategy found on this mission and vision statement thus generating project objectives 4. Define core processes that will help the organization in achieving these project o bjectives 5. Producing key performance steps to measure cost-benefit relationship of the processes 6. Improving effectiveness and strength of the processes using the performance measures At a glance, these steps seem to be similar to other process development stages.In BPR however, the strong focus is on how to radically improve effectiveness and efficiency by driving out all costs and activities that do not constitute the vital necessities of the processes (Chan, 1997). III. 4. Role of development Technology in BPR BPR experts argued that BRP is different then TQM and other process improvement concepts because of its strong focus over the efficiency of the core processes. One of the well-known sentiments of BPR is that breeding technology should not be use unless it produces efficiency improvement toward corporate processes.BPR experts verbalise that in the midst of modern business environment, organizations sometimes implement IT system because of its popularity, helplessn ess to recognize the advantages produced by the IT system for organisational processes. BPR fight against those practices in the modern business environment (Davenport, 1990) III. 5. Critics In some literatures, BPR is also criticized due to its radical nature. For instance, most of the companies implementing BPR are discovered performing massive layoffs to enhance their process efficiencies.Observers believed that implementing BPR without other balancing concepts will lead to only short limit benefits because BPR focus mostly on the financial factor of value production. The use of other concepts corresponding the Balance Score pester should enhance BPRs benefits toward organizations. III. 6. Benefits for Commercial Construction Business The use of BPR is perceived to be very much suitable for the construction industry due to the hard and highly competitive nature of the environment. Furthermore, it has been stated that the BRP concept is suitable for organizations in desperate n eed for radical cost reduction and process development.One of the supporting factors is that the construction industry ordinarily employs workers on the basis of short border contract. Thus, using the BRP concept, managers could increase the efficiency of their processes without having to worry about laying-off long-term employees. The construction industry is also complex with hundreds of types of material and service costs that can be evaluated through the BPR concept. With the juvenile development of consolidations and usage of Information Technology, BPR will also assist managers in evaluating which costs are really dear and which should be considered waste.V. Conclusion The commercial construction business is the most competitive vault of heaven of the construction industry. Lately, the business sector is face with serious challenges that require managements attention. These challenges threaten the survival of organizations within the business sector. In order to face tho se challenges, we suggest that companies within the sector turn to Total Quality Management and Business Process Engineering. These are quality improvement concepts designed to enhance efficiency and effectiveness of organizational processes throughout the organization.TQM and BPR are rooted from the same idea, but they focus on different pressure points. BPR has a more pressing sense within it steps. It is a concept practiced by companies in need of a radical change in their business processes, in order to survive upcoming challenges. It focuses on the financial thought of core business processes and driving-out costs other than vital ones. Some believed the concept to be harsh and insensitive to other aspects like maintaining pleasant working environment, etc. Nevertheless, its contribution is undeniable to modern companies today.TQM on the other hand, is a concept developed by the Japanese, along with the JIT and kaizen concept. It focuses on continuous process improvements whi ch stronger sense of long-term orientations. Applied together, these concepts will assist managers of the commercial construction business in improving their operational processes and approach their challenges in the form of increasing business complexities. Bibliography Chan, S. L. , C. F. Choi, 1997. A conceptual and analytical modelling for business process reengineering, International diary Production Economics, vol.50, p. 211 223. Davenport, Thomas & Short, J. (1990), The New industrial Engineering Information Technology and Business Process Redesign, in Sloan Management Review, summertime 1990, pp 11-27 Hammer, Carter, Usry. 1994. Cost Accounting. SouthWestern. Industry Overview. 2006. MSG. Retrieved portentous 12, 2008 from http//www. msgcpa. com/general. php? category=Industry+Library&headline=Construction+-+Commercial ONeill, P. , and A. S. Sohal, 1999. Business Process Reengineering A review of recent literature, Technovation, vol. 19, p. 571581.