Buddhism 4 :: essays research papers

Buddhism was founded by Saddharrha Gautama. He discovered soon after that the mind was the most important aspect of military man existence. In Gautama&8217s believe he believed &8220Our mind is like mercury. It is also like a monkey who is struggling all the time to free himself. When he is pulled back, he may vex still for a little while, but a moment later, he pass on try to move away again. In his belief&8217s he believed that man needed to pull back and control our minds frequently, otherwise it will not remain still and it will mould away according to its emotions. The mind will follow whatever arises in it when there is nothing to discipline and tie it down. We must have mental reading to stop its wandering.So meditation is the tool to tie up ones mind. It will cultivate mindfulness which is the foundation of the practice. Concentration stills the mind and reduces impulses and emotions. Its the same as fix the rope around a post and then tying the money to it. It does no t matter how much the monkey shinnys, he will have to stay within the limits of his bounds. As he is tied with the rope, he can only go back to the same spot again. The only chance for him to stop is when he is exhausted. When we fallow the movement of our mind, it is like watching the monkey. We do not have to become the animal, we just sit and watch him. Stay still, do not struggle like him. If we struggle like him, we will turn into a monkey and will become really exhausted. To practice Concentration is like looking at the monkey. In the process of watching, he will go round and round until the rope is so tight that he is bound up. In the end he will have to stop and sit still. The monkey also knows that it is time to stop when the rope is so tight that it strangles him. The movement of our mind is in truth similar, so if we keep on meditating in order to observe it (the mind), then it is like watching the monkeywithout behaving like the monkey. If we act like the monkey by crea ting thoughts, we will be exhausted by our meditation because the mind never stops. We have to be in control at the post where mindfulness and concentration are.

The Existence Of God Essay -- essays research papers

The Existence of GodThe existence of a God has for generations been the theme of fiercedebate. This most usu e very(prenominal) last(predicate)y occurring between members of the religious societyand, everybody else. As a liaison of fact the religious world itself has notalways been fit to agree on God. This has resulted in many a holy man to takeup the fight for his deity through the realm of words. Many theories bewilder beenproposed, and in all think that theirs proves beyond a doubt on whether or not Godexists. To write this paper I read four of those theories by assorted men ofthe cloth, who all attempt to make the argument for a God in the Christian sense.The basic of the theories I looked at was that of St.Anslem ofCanterbury. He supplies the ontological argument for the existence of God. Theontological argument states that by ascertaining the nature of God himself, wecome to realize he exists. He explains this argument by first defining what Godis. Anslem says that God is a being than which nothing greater can be conceivedto exist, that it can not even be con sidered not to exist. In short, the factthat said being can not be considered not to exist, would thereby make itgreater than any that could be considered not to exist. This would in allreality be the secret to Gods omnipotence in Anlsems eyes. Another point thathe stresses is that just be understanding the concept of what a God is, you argonproving his existence. This is because if you understand who God is, you can in like manner accept his existence, and therefore cannot conceive that he does not exist.Therefore making him that which nothing greater can be conceived of, and whichcannot be conceived not to exist which we have already defined as God.The second argument for a God comes from St. Tomas Aquinas, who arguesfor the cosmological point of view. The cosmological argument states that allthings in this universe have a cause, and since these causes cannot go on forever there must be a first cause, i.e. God. He argues that there are five waysto argue for the existence of God, the first is the argument from head. Thisstates that everything in this world has certain potentials for motion. It alsostates that for these potentials to be met another object n motion must set offsaid potential. That object in turn would have ... ...ad and the point would be moot.So by looking at these paths pop decided to look at the risks of eachwager. In the first you get infinite rewards from only one life of believing.Plus he felt that you also probably had a fulfilling and enjoyable life too. Sothe first, can be looked at as a win win situation in which you risked verylittle, and won much. The second and fourth possibilities did not reallyconcern Pascal much because by thinking of it in terms of odds, neither seemedprobable, and again wouldnt matter anyhow because you would no longer exist.The third possibility however, in which you could end up in hell, seemed to helppersuade Pas cal into believing in a God. He felt that for the amount you had tolose in this situation, no intelligent human would take the risk. So inconclusion, Pascal came to believe that believing in a God was a safe bet, inthat it had the least risk with the highest returns.As for myself, after reading these papers I find myself tending to sidewith Pascal the most. I dont think that a little insurance could hurt, becauseuntil there is proof otherwise none of us really know.

Dealing with Loss in Killing the Bear Essay -- Minty Killing the Bear

 Dealing with Loss in Killing the Bear      a good deal things that we experience as children have lasting affects on us that creep up when we least expect them. In Judith Mintys fib Killing the Bear, a woman finds herself in just such a situation. She finally deals with something that happened to her as a young child that she probably never even realized was bothering her. In this story the central character painfully comes to grips with a major loss of security from her childhood. Throughout Killing the Bear the author flips back and forth from the story at hand and seemingly only loosely related anecdotes almost the main character and bears. One of the first of these side stories is about the womans childhood. It talks about something that happens to most children, the loss of an object of security. The girl is attached to a stuffed bear and her mother takes it away for three months (12). She is told that when the time is over if she has stopped suckin g her thumb, she coffin nail have the toy back. When the time passes, however, the child discovers...

Executive Information Systems :: Technology Work Technological Essays

Executive Information brasssExecutive Information Systems (EIS) is a system designed to supplement the current fraternitys information system for their executives. The standard textbook definition of executive information system is an information system that provides strategic information tailored to the take of executives and other decision makers (OBrien 24). EIS is thought to help with knowledge management. Knowledge management is the set of practices aimed at discovering and harnessing an organizations intellectual resources fully utilizing the intellects of the organizations people (Bateman, Snell 8). In research there is one other basic term that is used to interchangeably with Executive Information System. That term is Executive System Support (Kaniclides, Kimble 3). Executive Information Systems software expands on all of the other business software out there for managers.There are some master(prenominal) differences between EIS and other information systems. The m ain difference is that EIS is aimed towards executives so it is specifically customized towards their needs. A nonher difference is that EIS is able to portal data about specific issues and problems as well as aggregate reports (Kelly 2). EIS is not as limited to a particular field or area of the business. Executive Information Systems allow for access to an array of data from both inside the company and outside from difference sources. EIS also is user friendly so the superior management members do not need assistants to access the information for them and they can make use of their assistants for other tasks. The systems usually can be used with a mouse or a touch screen com flummoxer and information is presented in a graphic format (Kelly 2). The people that use EIS have been mentioned above. These people are those who are senior level managers, such as CEOs, CFOs, COO, Presidents, and so on, with loads of information to sort though. The executive information system hel ps them sort though the information provided to them by demoralise level managers. This information usually includes such things as efficiency reports and other production reports relevant to the field of the corporation. These senior level managers use this information that has been summarized and put into a form that the manager wants to make important decisions for the company. For executives that do not utilize executive information system might feel overwhelmed with the papers and reports they ascertain daily.

Fasting: Body Cleansing or Starving Essay -- Health Religion Papers

Fasting Body Cleansing or StarvingThe Purpose of FastingFasting is a body cleansing mental process during which food is restricted and only liquids are consumed. Strictly water fasts are the most brutal herbal teas and juices made from fresh fruits and vegetables are consumed during a more liberal fast. Juice fasting is the preferred method amongst many doctors and European fasting clinics, perhaps because it is less harsh than other tr killment plans. Today in the Western Hemisphere, many chronic health problems result from bad eating habits. There are a mix of people who are over-nourished, malnourished, or both. We eat chemically altered, high-fat toxic foods that do not provide a sufficient amount of essential vitamins and minerals to our bodies. Clogging of the eliminative systems with excess mucous is thought to sustain congestive diseases. Ineffective digestion and poor nourishment result in vitamin and mineral deficiencies. A well-balanced regimen can overcome this health crisis. A diet of fond foods and fluids helps cleanse the body, and fasting takes the cleansing a step further.Every fasting method, suited individually to a persons needs, cleanses toxins from the persons body. The nutrients in fresh juice provide energy and support to the body while stimulating the detoxification process by clearing waste from its systems. This detoxification process is an important tonic process in our nutritional cycle. We allow our body to breathe and naturally cleanse itself. (Haas)The Ancient Practice of FastingThe history of fasting goes back thousands of years. galore(postnominal) religions, including Christianity, Judaism, and Eastern religions used and still use fasting as a healing process for spiritual purifica... ...an Anti-Aging Strategy- Is it Still Safe? build at www.healthy.net/ library/articles/chaitow/fasting.htm. Chaitow, L. Fasting, Mono-diets and Raw Food Days.Found at www.healthy.net/library/books/chaitow/chap13.htm. Haas, E. Fasting. Fo und at www.healthy.net/hwlibrarybooks/haas/detox/fasting.htm. Kernt, P. et al, Fasting the history, pathophysiology, and complications Western Journal of Medicine (1982) 137379-99 Kjeldsen-Kragh, J. et al, Controlled trial of fasting and one-year vegetarian diet in Rheumatoid Arthritis Lancet (1991) 899-904. NaturalDoc Fasting and Health Vacations. Found at www.naturaldoc.com/. Protein and Nitrogen Homeostasis. Found at http//medtstgo.ucdavis.edu/endo/lecture/metProNit.htm True, G.N. How Fasting Can Slow You Down. Found at www.netasia.net/users/truehealth/Fasting.htm.

Fasting: Body Cleansing or Starving Essay -- Health Religion Papers

fast Body Cleansing or StarvingThe Purpose of FastingFasting is a body cleansing procedure during which food is restricted and only liquids are consumed. Strictly water fasts are the most brutal herbal teas and juices made from snotty-nosed fruits and vegetables are consumed during a more liberal fast. Juice fasting is the preferred method amongst many doctors and European fasting clinics, perhaps because it is less harsh than different treatment plans. Today in the Western Hemisphere, many chronic health problems result from bad eating habits. There are a mix of pack who are over-nourished, malnourished, or both. We eat chemically altered, high-fat toxic foods that do not provide a sufficient amount of essential vitamins and minerals to our bodies. Clogging of the eliminative systems with excess mucous is thought to sustain congestive diseases. Ineffective digestion and poor nourishment result in vitamin and mineral deficiencies. A well-balanced diet can overcome this health cr isis. A diet of raw foods and fluids helps cleanse the body, and fasting takes the cleansing a step further.Every fasting method, suited individually to a persons needs, cleanses toxins from the persons body. The nutrients in fresh juice provide energy and support to the body while stimulating the detoxification process by clearing cop from its systems. This detoxification process is an important corrective process in our nutritional cycle. We allow our body to breathe and naturally cleanse itself. (Haas)The Ancient Practice of FastingThe taradiddle of fasting goes back thousands of years. Many religions, including Christianity, Judaism, and Eastern religions used and still use fasting as a healing process for spiritual purifica... ...an Anti-Aging Strategy- Is it Still salutary? Found at www.healthy.net/library/articles/chaitow/fasting.htm. Chaitow, L. Fasting, Mono-diets and Raw Food Days.Found at www.healthy.net/library/books/chaitow/chap13.htm. Haas, E. Fasting. Found at www .healthy.net/hwlibrarybooks/haas/detox/fasting.htm. Kernt, P. et al, Fasting the history, pathophysiology, and complications Western Journal of Medicine (1982) 137379-99 Kjeldsen-Kragh, J. et al, Controlled political campaign of fasting and one-year vegetarian diet in Rheumatoid Arthritis Lancet (1991) 899-904. NaturalDoc Fasting and Health Vacations. Found at www.naturaldoc.com/. Protein and Nitrogen Homeostasis. Found at http//medtstgo.ucdavis.edu/endo/lecture/metProNit.htm True, G.N. How Fasting Can Slow You Down. Found at www.netasia.net/users/truehealth/Fasting.htm.

The History of Intel

THE HISTORY OF INTEL The microcentral processing unit has changed our lives in so some(prenominal) an(prenominal) ways that it is difficult to rec wholly how different things were before its invention. During the 1960s, calculation machines filled many rooms. Their expensive impact power was accessible only to a few g overnment labs, research universities, and large corporations. Intel was founded on July 18,1968 by engineers, Gordon Moore, Robert Noyce, Andrew grove, and Arthur Rock. Rock became Chairman, Moore was President, Noyce was Executive Vice President in charge of fruit development and worked with Moore on long range planning, and grove headed manufacturing.The purpose of the invigorated troupe was to design and manufacture very complex atomic number 14 hindrances using large-scale integration (LSI) technology. Moore and Groves stack was to comprise Intel the pourboireer in developing even more(prenominal) coercive microprocessors and to make Intel-designe d chips the assiduity quantity in powering personal computers. Moore and Noyce wanted to seek Intel because they wanted to regain the satisfaction of research and development in a small growing lodge.Although the occupation of stock chips was starting to extend a commodity business in the late 1960s, Moore and Noyce believed they could produce chip versions of their own design that would perform more functions at less cost for the customer and thus offer a premium footing. Intels unique challenge was to make semiconductor shop functional. Semiconductor memory is smaller in size, provides great surgical process, and reduces energy consumption. This prototypical started when Japanese manufacturer Busicom asked Intel to design a set of chips for a family of high-performance programming calculators.Intels engineer, Ted Hoff, spurned the proposal and instead designed a hotshot-chip, a logic device that retrieved its application instruction from semiconductor memory. Buying Ba ck the Cash There was a problem with this spic-and-span chip Busicom owned it. Intel was convinced to repurchase the rights to the product. Intel then offered to re arise Busicons $60,000 investment in exchange for the rights of the product. The Japanese agreed aft(prenominal) struggling with the financial troubles. The Microprocessor Hits the food market Intels first microprocessor, the 4004, was introduced in 1971.This $200 chip delivered as much reckon power as the first electronic computer, the ENIAC. After the 4004, Intel introduced the 8008 microcomputer, which processed eight bits of information at a time. The 4004 and 8008 began to open new trades for Intel products. Today, affordable computing power is available to designers of all types of products, producing creativity and innovation. just turn Point IBM PC In 1981, Intel microprocessor family had grown to embroil the 16-bit 8086 and the 8-bit 8088 processors. These two chips created 2,500 winning designs in the y ear.A product from IBM was one of those designs, which became the first PC. Intel was convinced IBM to choose the 8088 as the brains of its first PC. Because of IBMs intelligent decision, the PC business grew to tens of millions of units every year. In 1982, Intel introduced the 286 chip. It contained 134,000 transistors and provided 3 times the performance of opposite 16-bit processors during the time. The 286 were the first microprocessor that offered softw be compatibility with its predecessors. The Microprocessor Machine In 1985, the Intel 386 clap the merchandiseplace.The 386 could perform more than five million instructions every second. Compaqs DESKPRO 386 was the first PC trading floord on the new microprocessor. In 1989, Intel 486 processor was fructify to hit the market. This new chip resulted in 1. 2 million transistors and the first create-in math coprocessor. This chip was faster than the pilot program 4004. In 1993, Intel introduced the Pentium processor, which set new performance standards with up to five times the performance of the Intel 486 processor. The Pentium processor uses 3. 1 million transistors to perform up to 90 MIPS, virtually 1,500 times the speed of the original 4004.In 1995, Intels first processor in the P6 family, the Pentium Pro processor, was introduced. It included 5. 5 million transistors and contained a high-speed memory cache to accelerate performance. The Pentium Pro processor was a popular survival of the fittest for multiprocessor sewers and high performance workstations. Intel introduced the Pentium II processor in May 1997. It contains 7. 5 million transistors packed into a unique Single Edge Contact Cartridge and delivers high performance. Intel offers Pentium II processors for Mobil PC, carrying new levels of performance and computer capabilities. In April 1998,Intel introduced the Celeron processor. This is the latest Intel processor created to meet the computing needs of grassroots PC users. Intels rec ent introduction is the Pentium II Xeon processor. This is the newest addition to Intels Pentium II brand. It is Intels first microprocessor designed for mid and higher server workstation platforms. The go withs success in memory chips was built from the resources involved in working on projects to design and develop the worlds best microprocessor. INTELS STRATEGY Intels primary business into the mid 1980s was memory chips, which accounted for 70 percent of revenues.In 1985 and 1986, Intel closed eight memory chip fixs. They were fighting a neer winning battle with the Japanese produces of memory chips. Gordon Moore and Andrew Grove refocuse the company on advancing the technology of microprocessors. Intel decided to create a new vision and scheme for the company. Their vision was to make Intel-designed chips the intentness standard in powering personal computers. Intel supplies the computing intentness with chips, boards, systems, and softw ar. Intels products are used as bui lding blocks to create advanced computing systems for PC users.Intels mission is to be the preeminent building block supplier to the new computing industry worldwide. Intel has several documentals in order to pursue their vision. The objectives include PC and server management advances with new Intel hardware and software products, alliances with otherwise industry leaders, education and development programs, and industry standards efforts. Most importantly, Intels greatest objective was make the PC an indispensable and persuasive appliance, which would finally compete with the TV, VCR, and telephone.Andy Grove crafted a series of strategies in order to reach Intels objectives 1. Introduce ripe products quickly. Andy Groves vision of make the PC tomorrows information appliance required the company to do more than be a leader in advancing microprocessors. Intel tries to sum up innovative products to the market as quickly as possible. In 1995, Intel introduced the new high-end Pentium Pro processor. This came less than three age after the introduction of the Pentium processor, which is now the processor of choice in the mainstream PC market.Together, these products provide computer buyers with a wide spectrum of computing choices. out-of-pocket to the growing popularity of the Internet, Intel programmers developed a software product called Streaming Media knockout that software developers could in corporate into their products and al base users to view video as it arrived from the World Wide Web. Also, Intel developed hardware based cryptographic technology that provided increased levels of security department for entropy communicated over the Internet. Intels strategy of removeing innovative products to the market quickly has proven to be costly.In 1996, Intel spent $500 million on R&D projects to develop products (other than microprocessors). Even though other producers were using joint ventures to build the extremely expensive fabrication plant s, Intel chose to go alone. Beyond their primary task of making microprocessors, Intel invests in a range of computing and communications applications that fill-in their core business. Intels supercomputer and network server efforts take favor of the flexibility and power of Intel architecture, fleck their inflation memory business supports booming communications applications, much(prenominal) as, cellular phones.Intel executives saw the future PCs render with new features, such as, digital video, stereo sound, three-D graphics, fax, and selective information communications. Intel decided to add these features into its next generation microprocessors. Intel decided to compete with the Taiwanese computer industry. They felt that the Taiwanese were too s moo to adapt their products to the latest Intel innovations. By producing motherboards, it would enable Intel engineers to integrate new functions. 2. Promote the Intel brand. Intel invests in education and marketing programs th at describe the benefits of genuine Intel technology.In 1990, Intel initiated a marketing program to build the Intel brand and make PC users aware of the benefits of genuine technology and products. Intel asked PC makers to put the Intel logo on their machines. The company besides sponsored television and print advertising campaigns stressing that by choosing an Intel-based PC, users got the ultimate in quality, reli susceptibility, software comput talent, and value. The marketing program was a success and had become a prominent element in Intels strategy ever since.Not only did Intel rest to sustain its dominant market parcel, but alike customer feedback revealed that PC buyers, non just computer techies, really cared around their computers chip and performance capabilities. quite of assigning its two new chip generations numbers like 286, 386, and 486 chip generations, Intel named them Pentium and Pentium Pro. This alleviateed Intel build their brand name by allowing PC bu yers to become familiarized with their products. Experts believed that Intel was using up over $100 million annually on promoting their name among consumers. . Alliances with other industry leaders. The breakup of the old computer industry is what gave Intel its chance and made the fabricate computer possible. The old computer industry was vertically aligned. Industries used to build their computers from bottom up. Now, these companies purchase products from other industries to build their computers. Because PCs contained components from so many different vendors, Grove believed industry participants in different horizontal specialties had to develop new products in parallel.Intel works with other industry leaders to develop new PC technologies, such as the PCI bus, which has been widely adopted. This technology removes bottlenecks to provide greatly enhanced capabilities. They incorporate their chips into PC building blocks, such as, PC motherboards, to help computer manufacturer s bring their products to the market faster. Intel also works closely with software developers to create rich applications, such as, PC video conferencing and animated 3D Web sites, that make the nearly of the power of Intel processors. Also, Intel is working with the U. S.Department of Energy to build the worlds scurrying computer supercomputers. As Intel introduced new generations of microprocessors, it was beneficial for Microsoft and other developers of operating systems and software to be position to go to market with new software systems and products that capitalized on the speed of Intels new processors. Andy Grove and Bill Gates began meeting in the 1980s to explore how their organizations can character information. Intel believes that if computers work better, do more, and are easier to use, more PCs testament be sold and more Intel processors will be needed.As with any other strategy, it is necessary to evaluate performance and initiate adjustments in vision, long ter m direction, objectives, strategy, or implementation in the occurrence of changing conditions, new ideas, and new opportunities. For example, in 1994, a mathematics professor found a flaw in how Intels new Pentium chip did division in certain situations. The media got a hold of this and there was nix publicity about Intel floating around. Intel explained to its consumers that the chances of this happening were minute. Intel admitted the flaw, but Andy Grove felt that it shouldnt concern nyone except the to the highest degree demanding scientists. Intel wanted to stand behind there Intel Inside campaign, so they had to assess their strategy. Within days of the incident, Intel offered all owners of Pentium based computers a free replacement of their Pentium chip and took a $475 million write off to cover the cost. Even though it was considered a disaster, only a few owners took a replacement chip. Intel focuses on being a best-cost provider. Their strategic target is the value con scious buyer. They want to fall flat customers more value for their money.Intels product line carries good-to-excellent attributes, several to many upscale features at low cost to the PC buyer. Overall, their focused strategies have kept them on the right track. However, Intel continues to attract competition, both from makers of software-compatible microprocessors and from makers of alternative-architecture chips. ram analytic thinking To provide a good overview of Intels business position and whether it is healthy or unhealthy, a SWOT epitome was conducted. This analysis will show if there is a good fit between Intels resource capability and its outdoor(a) situation.STRENGTHS Intel is one of the most profitable companies in the world. It is a leader in its industry with over 80 percent of the worlds 250 million personal computers powered by Intel microprocessors and over 90 percent of all new PCs currently being assembled with Intel Inside. Intel is a recognized market leade r with an attractive customer base and a good reputation of creating an advanced quality product. Some of Intels military postures are its financial condition, brand-name image, good management skills and technical expertise. Financial ConditionOne of Intels major strengths is the ability to fund for research & development. The company has a high degree of profitability, cash flows from depreciation, and low dividend payout. Therefore, Intel can provide the financial resources and use their financial strength to fund the capital requirements associated with refurbishing existing plants and building new ones. Intels strategy to maintain a leader status in the industry and to accommodate anticipate demand is necessary for them to stay ahead of adversarys by producing more advanced products and building new plants or refurbishing existing plants.In recent years, Intel has built a new fabrication plant about every 9 months and announced that its goal is to reduce that to every 6 mon ths. Also, for the other(prenominal) 6 years, it has led the semiconductor industry in new capital investments. Brand Name Image In 1990, Intel initiated a marketing program to build the Intel brand and show PC users the benefits of Intel technology and products. The reason for the program was to increase gross revenue of the Intel brand and abase sales of AMDs cloned microprocessors. Their marketing strategy was to ask PC makers to put a characteristic Intel Inside sticker on their machines.They also sponsored television and print advertising campaigns promoting that an Intel-based PC provided customers with ultimate quality, reliability, software compatibility, and value. This was a major success and created a good brand name image for Intel. Management Skills and Technical Expertise Talented and skilled individuals from the beginning managed Intel. They had the expertise to manage Intel by choosing the right individuals that had the technological know-how to bring it to the h int. Intels skill and expertise proved to be a strength back in 1985 when Intels primary business was the memory chip.Japanese competitors started producing and marketing their memory chips at lower costs than Intel. However, Intel had the skills and expertise to abandon the memory chip business and put their full energies into a secondary microprocessor business. They wanted to become leaders of the industry and they proved that they knew what needed to be done to accomplish their vision. WEAKNESSES Diversity Intel is one of the most successful companies and it is hard to find a asthenicness in such an established firm. Intel is known for its strengths, competencies, and capabilities. However, one of Intels weaknesses is the focus on principally microprocessors.The diversification of companies into other industries allows them to be less risky in turn overic a rival developed a better product. For example, Microsoft is expanding into the Internet business to become more diversi fied. America Online and Netscape are merging to enhance their core business. Intel could become even more successful if it were to diversify into other industries. The company can be in grave danger if another firm was to rise to the top with the manufacturing of microprocessors or if technology promoted a more efficient product than the microprocessor. Leadership After GrovesAndrew Groves has been the backbone of Intel for many years. Under Grove, Intel was very aggressive in protect its technology. He is a hands-on manager whose high level of involvement and attention to detail inspired and intimidated subordinates. A big part of Intels success is Groves leadership style, competitory ability, and innovative mind set. Eventually, Groves will retire and the question will be what will happen to Intel? Will Groves successor lead Intel to remain on top. Andrew Groves has proved to be an excellent leader, but the leadership after him is questionable. OPPORTUNITIESMarket opportunity is a big factor for shaping Intels strategy. Intel is equipped with the right resources and has the capability to pursue many opportunities that exist. The companys innovation has helped build alliances to expand the firms market coverage and competitive capability. Intel also has the ability to grow rapidly because of strong increases in market demand. Innovation Andrew Groves has a vision of the PC as tomorrows information appliance. He wants to have televisions, VCRs, game players, cable boxes, and telephones to be pushed to the background and bring PCs to be in the spotlight.Groves does not want to just lead in advancing the microprocessor, he wants to fully utilize the capability of the microprocessor and introduce a number of PC-based communications products to meet the broad range of consumer needs. Some of the products that Intel has available are chip products used for keyboards, printers, copiers, and fax machines. These chip products are used to enhance cellular phones, pag ers, digital cameras, and personal digital assistants. Intel is also manufacturing universal Serial Bus- single type of joining to attach printers, modems, CD-ROM drives, and other peripherals.Other innovative products include Intercast plug-in cards, a ProShare line of conferencing products, And an I960 RP processor. Intel has a software lab in Shanghai developing multimedia and 3-D content in Chinese. They have created software to help popularize long-distance telephone calls on the Internet and a hardware-based cryptographic technology that provides levels of security for data communicated over the Internet. Intel is introducing new products and technologies on a weekly, sometimes daily, basis. They are gradually increasing their R&D budget to look for valuable ways to draw out their product line.Their reputation for innovation is among the best in the U. S. In fact, Intel was ranked third for its innovation in 1997. Strategic Alliances Alliances expand the firms market coverag e and competitive capabilities. It is essential that Intel develop a close relationship with other PC component producers, manufacturers, software developers, cable TV companies, media and telecommunications companies, and entertainment companies. in the first place the mid-1980s the structure of the old computer industry was aligned vertically, in which each company sold their products based on their own proprietary technology.They designed and built their computers themselves. Buyers had to commit to the whole package of one manufacturer. Since then, the computer industry is growing horizontally. Each product depends on another product. This is wherefore it is important to collaborate with others. Products at heart each horizontal specialty should be compatible with other specialty products to make a powerful PC or other PC-based product. Growth Intel has the ability to grow rapidly because of strong increases in market demand. The process of making PCs has changed with that of the past. Only a few PC makers produced the components inside of the PCs.Therefore, the demand for Intels products increased. Intel had the ability to grow rapidly because it responded quickly to market demand and had the capital and expertise to develop advanced powerful products faster than competitors. THREATS Looking at Intels remote environment, there are some factors that create a menace to the company. Some of the threats Intel is facing are competition, slowdowns in market emergence, and the bargaining power of consumers. Competition In 1997, Advanced Micro Devices (AMD) and Cyrix were the two major competitors that challenged Intel by cloning Intels microprocessors and marketing them at lower prices.This created a major threat to Intels market share. A third competitor was developed by the partnership among Motorola, IBM, and Apple Computer. They were producing and marketing ply PC chips for Apples line of PCs and certain IBM PCs. For example, the mogul PC offered a r educed instruction-set computing (RISC) processor which had a simpler instruction set and higher computing speeds than Intels chips. This was an attractive feature for the end user, which also threatened Intels market share. The competitors mentioned above are just three of the major companies that are a threat to Intel.There is also the possibility of other companies making a technological breakthrough by developing a more powerful and cheaper product that will outlive Intel. For such reasons, Intel has to be innovative and ready for any possible external threat. Slowdown in Market Growth Intel is always planning ahead of things. They refurbish or build plants two years before the new product ever is produced. This could be considered an advantage or disadvantage. It is an advantage to Intel because they are constantly developing technologically advanced and more powerful products, which allows them to compete and be a leader of the industry.However, the major disadvantage is the p ossibility of the PC market slowing down. Intel could be hurt tremendously if the market growth slows down because they have already planned ahead and invested a lot of capital into the plants. Bargaining agency of the Consumer Cost pressures are also a threat to Intel. Consumers are demanding lower prices on products or higher quality for the prices they are paying. If a consumer can get the same product at a lower price from competitors, it can be a major threat to the company.Intel can influence bargaining power of the consumer by making sure the prices are low based on cost efficiency and the quality is maintained. The SWOT analysis provided the opportunity to view the companys overall position. An evaluation of Intels strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats support the fact that above all Intel has established a healthy position in the industry. TESTS OF A WINNING STRATEGY Test 1 Goodness of look into The goodness of fit test determines if a companys strategy is sui table for its internal and external situation in order to obtain market success.Intel is a member of the technology sector and in the semiconductor industry. Firms involved with technology must deal with the quick obsolescence that is inherent when dealing with computers. An example of this is Moores Law coined after Gordon Moore, Intels founder, who truthfully stated that the power and complexity of te chips would double every year with proportionate decreases in cost. This external environmental situation causes two problems for companies in the industry. One problem is that a company must constantly innovate to stay on top and secondly, the company will need capital in order to create new technology.Does Intels strategy adequately deal with the constant change that is prevalent in its business environment? The Intels strategy is to cannibalize its own products. In other words Intel strives to make its own products obsolete. A Companys profit and market position can be severely undermined if another company offers a faster chip with more capabilities. Intel is able to do this because of its internal situation. Intel has bulky amounts of capital, a war chest of about $10 billion. This is useful when the average plant costs will be about $2. 5 billion dollars around the year 2000.Test 2 Competitive Advantage Test The competitive advantage test ascertains if a companys strategy leads it to have a sustainable competitive advantage over its rivals. The competitive advantages that Intel has are its brand image and research prowess. Intels brand name is a competitive advantage because it helps keep the sale of silicon chip clones from rivals down so that these companies do not erode Intels profitability and market share. If a company had a clone of equal performance, it would be easier for consumers to switch over if not for the power of brand name and awareness that keeps customers loyal.The strategy that Intel has is to increase the awareness and preference f or its products. query prowess is a competitive advantage for Intel. It has large amounts of capital compared to its competitors. For example, next year Intel will spend $3 billion on research and development, which is more than AMD generated in sales in 1998. Intel continues to produce innovative products faster than its rivals do in order to receive the lions share of profits so as to keep itself able to acquire the capital to produce these innovations. Test 3 motion TestThe performance test ascertains if the companys strategy is dowry the company become profitable and help obtain long-term market position. Located in the appendage are several profitability ratios for Intel from 1983 until 1998. In Appendix A-E are graphs representing this data? In Appendix F are the actual numerical data. After 1986 is when Intel changed its strategy to what it is presently. The data used to compute these ratios was from the Intel case in Strickland and Thompsons Strategic Management 10th Edi tion. The 1997 and 1998 were compiled from data obtained from Intels homepage located at http//www. ntel. com. Appendix A shows the gross profit delimitation. The gross profit margin has, since 1986, been steadily increasing and since 1990, has remained above fifty percent. This profitability ratio shows the amount of money that remains after making a product that is available for the company to utilize. This shows that the company is strong in this aspect. Operating profit margin is shown in Appendix B. This shows the profit of the company prior to interest payments and taxes taken out. The ratio was negative for the years 1985 and 1986. After 1986, the operating profit margin has been strong reaching a peak of 39. 4% in 1997. Appendix C displays the net profit margin, which is the profit the company realizes. After posting a loss in 1986, the net profit margin of Intel has steadily improved and strengthened. Since 1990, Intel has been positing profits higher than cardinal percen t. It reached a profit peak in 1997 with a net profit margin of 27. 7%. Intel has at the present time has a dominant 75. 7 % market share. This is a dominant position since its next closest rival, Advanced Micro Devices (AMD), has merely fifteen and one-half percent of the market share. Its other competitor Cyrix has only 5. 6%.This data is represented in pie chart form in Appendix G. The data has shown that Intels strategy has successfully completed all of the tests and is thus a winning strategy. Its present strategy is allowing it to respond to the business environment and maintain its competitive advantages while raking in profits. Andy Groves Performance as CEO It is imperative to acknowl brink Gordon Moore, his mentor, before discussing the performance of Andy Grove. Gordon helped to set the Intel culture as being one of low bureaucracy and set the standard of holding one-on-one meetings with his subordinates in order to help the flow of information.Moore has is own law which stated that the power and complexity of the chip would double every cardinal months with proportional decreases in costs. This helped Intel from the onset set its sights on innovation and being a leader. Appendix F shows the numerical numbers for the return on stockholders equity (ROE) and return on assets (ROA). Appendix D and E show their values graphically. These ratios are used to gauge how effective management is. Andy Grove became President in 1979 and was given more total control in 1987 when Gordon Moore served only as chairman.To adequately ascertain how well Andy Grove has been as CEO, an examination of the following these ratios are necessary. The ROE since 1987 has been strong with most years above twenty-percent as displayed in Appendix D. The highest value being in 1997 with 35. 99%. This ratio is put into lieu when one compares the ROE with that of the industry. The ROE-to-Industry ratio taken from Daily Stocks website which is 131. 4%. The ROA since 1987 has also been steadily increasing into the teens and lower twentys. The ROA-to-Industry for Intel is large 140. 4% from Daily Stocks website.This analysis shows that Andy Grove has done a superb job at Intel. Other factors concerning Andy Grove speak well of his performance as the CEO of Intel. His views have permeated into the corporate culture of Intel and have helped it become the dominant force in its industry. The strategy-making style that Grove uses is that of a master strategist. The master strategist exerts strong influence over the strategy of the company. Andy Groves own view, which is his law, of only the paranoid survive has helped keep Intel on its toes and looking ahead to what is happening.This is shown by the fact that Intel builds factories years before they are needed in order to stay on top of the market. Andy Groves leadership has helped Intel not fall into the pitfall of befitting stagnated by its own success. The shortcoming that Andy Grove has in being a manager is h e is too good. As stated in the SWOT analysis, Andy Groves permanent retirement from Intel could set the company floundering unless the company finds someone as well qualified and with an analogous approach to management style. INDUSTRY ANALYSIS The U. S. icroprocessor industry comprises of more than 100 companies that design, manufacture, and market semiconductors to original equipment manufacturers and personal computer end users. The following information is a profile of the dominant economic characteristics of the microprocessor industry. Market Size $300-$350 billion worldwide consumption. Scope of Competitive Rivalry Global. Market Growth Rate 15-20 percent annually. Stage in Life Cycle quick growth and takeoff. Number of Companies in Industry About 174 companies. Customers 80 million microprocessors for use in PCs and network servers.Degree of Vertical Integration Mixed forward and indisposed integration. Ease of Entry/Exit High entry barriers in the form of capital require ments. Technology/Innovation Rapid technological changes microprocessor production. Product Characteristics Highly standardized. cuticle Economies Companies can realize economies of scale. Learning and Experience Effects Strong. Capacity Utilization Manufacturing efficiency is higher when power is increased. Industry Profitability Above par. 1995 Industry consumption 1997 Industry Usage Error Not a valid embedded object.The two pie charts above display the industry usage in 1995 and 1997. As shown, the computer sector is the main user of the microprocessor. Within two years, the computer sector increased its usage by 11% and is expected to continue increasing over the next several years. Computers are the main focus in the microprocessor industry, which is why many rivals are competing for market share in that sector. THE FIVE FORCES MODEL OF rival Rivalry among competing manufacturers in this industry is a strong force of competition. It is focused on such factors as performanc e features, new product innovation, quality, and brand image.New product innovation plays a major role in the microprocessor industry because it determines the intensity of rivalry among competing firms. Companies are trying to gain better market position and competitive advantage. Threat of potential entry is a weak force due to the fact that it is hard for a newcomer to break into the market. Moreover, economic factors put a potential entrant at a great disadvantage because of the learning and exist curve effects. The existing microprocessor companies have advantageous positions in the industry from the experience they have gained from being in the industry longer than new entrants have.Leaders of the industry, like Intel, have vertically integrated their manufacturing to make products at low efficient costs that entrants would not be able to compete and be exposed to fierce competition. Other entry barriers are economies of scale, brand preferences and resource requirements. Com petition from substitutes is a weak force because there are no substitutes in the industry. The microprocessor is needed to manufacture many types of equipment, such as, TV sets, VCRs, cameras, wristwatches, kitchen appliances, mobile phones, and stereo equipment.There is no other product that can be used in place of the microprocessor. Power of suppliers is moderate. Some companies rely on suppliers to supply a component more tattily than industry members can make themselves. This can increase their leveraging power. However, suppliers also tend to have less leverage to bargain over price and other terms of a sale because the industry they are supplying is a major customer. A microprocessor company usually orders in large quantities, which in turn decreases suppliers leverage. Also, major companies are integrating backwards to self-manufacture the component.Backward integration allows companies to negotiate favorable terms with suppliers. Power of customers is a strong force in th e industry primarily because buyers are large and purchase much of the industrys output. Purchasing in large quantities gives a buyer enough leverage to obtain price concessions and other favorable terms. For instance, PC makers have a substantial bargaining leverage when deciding to use Intels chips in their computers. International Competitiveness Due to fierce international competition, the microelectronics industry has become highly globalized. To compete effectively, U. S. icroelectronics suppliers must sell to all domestic and foreign markets. The profit margins for certain products are so slim that only through international sales can a supplier generate profits adequate to remain in business. Survival in this highly international industry requires microelectronics manufacturers to be first to market with leading-edge products that focus on high-end technology. Only those suppliers who introduce the breakthrough products can maintain profit margins that will support research, development, and the purchase of new equipment for manufacturing the next generation product. COMPETITOR ANALYSISIntels rivals Advanced Micro Devices, Cyrix Corporation, Motorola, IBM, Apple Computer, and the Power PC are favorably positioned, but not in the same leading position as Intel. Intel dominates the computer industry. Intel works closely with alliances to introduce many innovative products that give them a leading edge over their rivals. Intels products are distinguished from their competitors, which make it difficult to clone. In 1997, Intels two biggest competitors were Advanced Micro Devices (AMD) and Cyrix, both of which made Intel-clone microprocessors and marketed them at prices below those charged by Intel.A partnership among Motorola, IBM, and Apple Computer to produce and market Power PC chips for Apples line of PCs and for certain IBM PCs represented a third competitor. Sun Microsystems was a fourth competitor, producing and marketing a microprocessor line that competed against Intel chips in a limited number of computing applications. These competitors can possibly take some of the market share away from Intel. Therefore, Intel needs to maintain market dominance by continuing to make a high quality microprocessor with process technology improvements.These factors will help Intel stay ahead of their competitors. Advanced Micro Devices (AMD) had carved out a niche providing less expensive microprocessors than Intels mainstream offerings. AMD, confident that NexGen had strong technology despite its low sales, promptly scrapped its own design for a chip to compete with Intels Pentium Pro in favor of a design (subsequently named K6) that NexGen had under development. Whereas previous generations of AMD chips had been clones of Intels designs, AMD and NexGen engineers had designed the K5 and K6 from scratch.AMD hoped that its K6 chip would be an attractive alternative to Intels higher-priced Pentium Pro chip. AMD was planning to introduce 180, 200and 233 MHz versions of its K6 chip during 1997 and a 300 MHz version was the plans for 1998. AMD expected that 5 of the top 10 PC manufacturers would be using the K6 in some of their models during 1997 analysts projected that AMD could sell up to 5 million K6 chips in 1997. The K6 was expected to sell for about 25% less than Intels Pentium Pro chips. IBM and Compaq announced in 1997 that they would use AMDs K6 processors in their low-end machines.During the first three weeks of September, nearly half of all the desktop computers sold through retailers used the AMD K6 microprocessor, according to market researcher PC Data Inc. That is a dramatic improvement from last year when 92% of those same machines had Intel chips inside. Today, only 43% of retail PCs sold use Intel. Industry analysts expected Cyrix to be more successful in marketing its M2 against Intels MMX Pentium in the price-sensitive home computer and notebook segments. The brand of a non-Intel chip posed a high barr ier for Cyrix to hurdle in, penetrating the high-end desktop and notebook segments.Motorola, Apple, and IBM initiated a partnership in 1991 to develop the Power PC chip as an alternative to Intel chips. After production delays and disagreements over design, IBM and Apple finally agreed to a common design in 1995. The Power PC along with Sun Microsystems UltraSPARC chip was a reduced instruction-set computing (RISC) processor, whereas, Intel, AMD, and Cyrix chips were complex instruction-set computing (CISC) processors. Chips incorporating RISC designs used simpler instruction sets to achieve higher computing speeds than CISC processors. Also, RISC designs had better floating-point performance.KEY SUCCESS FACTORS Technology-Related KSFs Intel has many key success factors that helped it prosper in the market place. Intel has product innovation capability and the funds available to invest in research and development. Intels reputation for innovation was among the best of any U. S. comp any, it ranked third on innovation among all U. S. companies. Besides investing in R&D, Intel had to gut and refurbish its existing fabrication plants every three years to produce the new chips and sometimes build a new plant to accommodate the expected demand.Year after year, building new plants became very expensive because they used exotic tools and equipment to etch finer and finer lines on a silicon chip. Finer etching also required more labor and production time. Intel estimated that each succeeding generation of microprocessors required more than twice the capital and manufacturing capacity for production. Intel intended to be among the handful of chip producers that could afford to build top-of-the-line chip fabrication plants. Manufacturing-Related KSFs Intel has the flexibility to manufacture a range of models and sizes.Besides the products already in the market, it has surplus products in various stages of development. For instance, Intel has a segmented brand including the Celeron, Pentium II, and Merced chip which is expected to be available in 2000. Distribution-Related KSFs Intel works closely and distributes to PC component producers, PC manufacturers, software developers, cable TV companies, media and telecommunications companies, entertainment companies, and information-communications appliance for both the home and the workplace.Intel is involved with Microsoft, Pointcast, America Online, IBM, Cisco Systems, and others to develop and promote Internet software. Marketing-Related KSFs To diminish the sales of clones of Intel microprocessors marketed by AMD, Cyrix, and others, Intel initiated a marketing program in 1990 to build the Intel brand and make PC users aware of the benefits of genuine Intel technology and products. Intel asked PC makers to put a distinctive Intel Inside sticker on their machines. Manufacturers who used Intel microprocessors in their PCs also used the logo on their packaging and in their ads and brochures.The company also sponsored many television and print advertising campaigns to promote the Intels brand name image. Skills-Related KSFs Intel has the ability to develop innovative products and product improvements. Also, it has the ability to get newly conceived products past the R&D phase and out into the market very quickly. They are always ahead of their competitors and always find new ways to improve their product. Intels team consists of many experienced employees using top of the line technologies. Organizational CapabilityIntel has the ability to respond quickly to shifting market conditions and customer needs because of its many years of experience and the ability to invest in R&D. Andy Groves management style also plays a major role in organizational capability. His concern for the flow of information helped instill Intels corporate culture and allows every employee to contribute to the company. INDUSTRY PROSPECTS AND OVERALL ATTRACTIVENESS The factors that make the industry attractive are the large use of computers at home, work, libraries, coffee shops, and bookstores. Computers allow easy access to Internet, e-mail, and research.PCs use up-to-date technology, which makes life easier and daily tasks simpler. The fastest growth was expected to occur in Asia outside Japan, where use of PCs was still relatively limited and where the market potential was largely untapped. The Chinese market was the largest in the Asia-Pacific region (with projected growth of 25-35 percent annually over the next several years), followed in order by Korea and Japan. Also, PC sales in europium were expected to grow 8% annually. The profit outlook seems favorable because a computer at home or work will be a necessity.The factors making the industry unattractive was that Intel was producing new products too quick for the market to catch up. New developments were occurring at such a fast and furious stair that the end result was unpredictable. There was a lot of competition going on. Th e Internet was central to most of the forthcoming developments in information technology. This is the reason why Intel is mainly focused on the computer sector. As Andy Grove put it, The Internet is like a 20-foot tidal wave coming thousands of miles across the Pacific, and we are in kayaks. Its gaining momentum, and its going to lift you and drop you.It affects everybodythe computer industry, telecommunications, the media, chipmakers, and the software world. FUTURE PROSPECTS Their commitment to R&D creates future generations of products and the manufacturing processes they use to make them, while their capital expenditures ensure the availability of state-of-the-art factories that allow them to deliver high-volume, high-performance microprocessors efficiently. Looking into the future, they will continue to manufacture quality microprocessors that will live up to the Intel name and strive towards perfecting their existing ones.

Transformational Leadership

A lot of research has g wholeness into the subject matter of attractors skills as seen from a number of several different perspectives. As a matter of fact, from the early years of 1900 onwards, analysis on the types of strike and their sets seduce been going on, and initi in ally the point of concentration was on the attractor, and his abetter _or_ abettors.Researchers of the time, however, came to the conclusion that no one characteristic or trait could be taken as being fully explanatory of any particular leaders abilities and his capacity, and thereafter researchers began the process of analyzing and examining the place and its influences on a leader and his abilities, and also made several attempts to study to distinguish impressive from non-effective leaders. The purpose of such analysis was actually to determine which leading behaviors were just exemplified by effective leaders, and which were non. (History of leading Research)Therefore, in order to better under stand why some people were effective leaders and some were not, researchers used the questionable contingency model in order to conk surface and to conclude the various connections that moldiness exist amidst personal traits, situational variables, and the effectiveness of a leader. In later years, peculiarly during the 1970s and the 1980s, the point of concentration for studying effective leadership qualities in an individual shifted to the individual characteristics of a leader which served to make him a better leader, and which brought his company Brobdingnagian profits. The research more practically than not concluded that leaders and leadership ar significant and in fact crucial and vital components of any arrangement. (History of leadership Research)In fact, the basic notion of leadership and its influence process has been a very all key(p) one through the years, especially when taken in the circumstance of hu worldly concern relations and public relations within an governing body. This is the exemplar, then, upon which much research on the various models of leadership have been carried out through the years and it is often considered to be the more useful one upon which to conduct analyses. This is because of the widely acknowledged fact that the very social process through which one individual tries to manage his get influence on others in his own way is actually demonstrated in a large number of inter personal relationships between a number of people anywhere in the world. (Tannenbaum Weschler Massarik, 1961)Some examples of these are the relationship between the superior and his subordinate, the staff with the line, the salesman with his customer, the consultant with his client, a teacher with his student, the economize with his wife, a parent with his child, and so on and so forth. These are the normal relationships that evermore occur in the context of groups, and within organizations, and also within a set of cultures, and are i n turn influenced by the organizations and cultures themselves. Therefore, it can be stated that when one desires to understand leadership better, then one would have to try to gain a deep insight into the very nature and character of a personality or of a group or of an organization.Thereafter, one must attempt to give out the various cultural variables that would invariably be present tense in any one group of several different individuals, and then analyze the various interrelationships between them and the variables that are seen in a system of influence of this particular kind. The two most important elements in such a framework of leadership analyses are, primarily, the so called social sensitivity or what is also known as empathy, and action flexibility, or what is also known as behavioral flexibility. Both these variables are of extreme importance when analyzing leadership, and its effectiveness and its causes. (Tannenbaum Weschler Massarik, 1961)It must be noted that the word leadership as such is a very widely used word indeed, and social workers, political activists, orators and scholars and of course legion(predicate) others all utilize it in their speech and in their writing. However, what must also be noted is the fact that not everyone agrees near its actual and true meaning among the social scientists, leadership has come to represent something that will always constantly shift and motley, and transform its primary focus original on one thing and then another.There is a lot more work to be carried out before it can be really stated that there is indeed a systematic and a basic theory for leadership, and a full fledged framework developed upon which to accurately pass judgment effective leadership. When taken through history, leadership studies have been effectively showing the shifting focus on theoretical orientation of leadership studies whereas early studies strong on the study of the leader as a person, to the exclusion of various other variables, later studies laid emphasis on isolating the physical and the psychological characteristics of the leader, and these were considered to be traits which were in fact differentiating the leader from all the other members of the group. (Tannenbaum Weschler Massarik, 1961)Likewise, the purpose of spirituality in leadership is a relatively newer idea, and one that researchers have started to analyze notwithstanding recently, having been ignored as a concept for the past hundreds of years before to sidereal day. However, one must not forget that throughout our social history, man has been able to identify his own inner moral as well as spiritual standards, and seen them for the influence they tend to cast upon human actions in general. In fact, it can tilt surface be stated that it is mans inner smell of spiritual wholeness that defines mankind as such, and also determines mans inner values, his sense of morality and justice, and then tends to direct mans actions an d the various decisions that he makes in his daily life and also in his working life. (Fairholm, 1997)Therefore, it must be remembered that spirituality plays a very important role in a leaders various actions and in his process of decisions making, as well as in the ensueers lives. Every single individual has an innate sense of who he is, what he is doing, and where he is going, and all these various concepts are guided by his inner spirituality. As a matter of fact, it can be stated that it is this true inner self that actually guides man in general and a leader as well. Spirit is therefore an inseparable part of the leadership of an individual, and it is this that guides him in his various actions. In todays fast paced world, the workplace in fact becomes a central part of ones life, and this means that one would have to relate ones own personal spiritual values with his workplace vales, and this in turn becomes the most important and central part of leadership. (Fairholm, 1997) There are, to date, numerous models of leadership, that have been found to be effective after intensive research conducted through many years, and the interest in what exactly makes a good and effective and efficient leader is lock up an extremely interesting topic. Some of the better leadership models are, according to research, the following the participative styles of leadership, which, according to studies conducted by Hawthorne and Kurt Lewin and Likert, invariably lead to an enhanced job satisfaction, and also to a better performance. Another is the contingency theory, which argues that the proper or the right or the most effective leadership style is something that constantly changing accord to the present context. One example of this model is that explained by Blake and Moutons managerial Grid, according to which organization developmental practices can be easily analyzed. (Leadership Theories, 1)Another is the instrumental theory, according to which a lot of stress is plac ed on the task, as well as on the person oriented behavioral patterns, like, for example, delegation, and participation on the part of the leader in order to gain better effectiveness from the others in his police squad. Inspirational leadership theories are smalld on the fact that a single individual, with his invigorate personality and way of life and method of thinking, be able to influence his aggroup into better performances.These leaders are, more often than not, inspirational persons, and they are at times called transformational leaders too. This type of leader would appeal to the inherent value and visions of the team of followers around him, upon whom he would be able to cast a great influence. He would not only be able to inspire and instill confidence among them, but also be able to motivate them to change wherever and whenever necessary for the progress of the organization. (Leadership Theories, 1)The informal leader is the person who has not exactly been appointed to leadership, but would be able to, in general, assume leadership in manifold other ways. Another leadership theory is the so-called path goal theory, according to which the expectancy theory of motivations comes to the fore, wherein a leader is responsible for cause his team well, and into giving better performances in general. This theory draws on the following four different styles of leadership supportive, directive, participative, and ultimately, direction oriented. The actual choice of style finally depends on the task to be performed, and the individual who is expected to perform the task. For example, a routine task would need a more supportive style of leadership, season a complex and tough task would need a directive type of leadership. (Leadership Theories, 1)Compare and Contrast Leadership ModelsIt is now quite evident that one of the predominant themes as far as management studies is concerned is the most important role that an effective and an efficient leader woul d play in the effective running of an organization, of any kind, and, as a matter of fact, the position of the leader has been elevated to someone of heroic proportions, and he is termed as someone who is the prime decisive of his organizations success or of its failure.The model leader is, therefore, an individual who is in possession of a set of known and researched set of behaviors and patterns, as acknowledged by researchers all over the world, and who would be able to effectively motivate his team of members in such a way that they would be able to give their optimum bets performances for the earn of their organization. These are some of the better known and accepted leadership models, which some of the very bets leaders in the industry have been known to follow and simulate for the betterment of the firm. One model is the Contingency Theory. (Chapter 12, Leadership)It must be stated here that for as long as there have been research on leadership, there has been a widely ack nowledged claim that for every different situation there is, a different leader and a different leadership style would be suitable. Weber, for example, in the year 1946, in his research on the bases of legitimate authority in the state as such, has managed to identify three altogether different types of leaders one type is an individual who would base his authority on tradition, another who would base his authority on rationality, and a third who would base his authority on exerting his own personal magnetismtic influence onto others in his team. Each leader would achieve success in one type of situation, and not in others, thus showing that one type of leadership would not suffice for all kinds of diverse situations. (Chapter 12, Leadership)Fiedler, in the year 1996, has identified some of the more important aspects of the contingent view of a leader. First and foremost, the relevant literature does not offer any clue about the existence of trusted universal traits, or behaviora l patterns, or characteristics that can be associated with a good leader and effective leadership qualities. Secondly, it has been stated that the effectiveness of the leader depends on how well and how quick he would be able to match the situation in which he is expected to operate. Thirdly, the most important mediating factor between a leaders traits and the situation in which he operates is the way in which the leader is able to cope with stress within the situation. Equally important is what exactly the leader thinks is a disagreeable situation, according to him, and how he is able to motivate and engage his team into coping and facing the stress in a positive manner so that the organization does not get affected in any manner whatsoever.Furthermore, it has often been noticed that most organizations generally tend to adapt and become more internally complex so that they whitethorn be better bale to respond to the external complexities, according to Lawrence and Lorsch in resea rch conducted in the year 1967. accord to Galbraith, in 1994, the best way in which an organization would be able to effectively deal with stress both outside and within the organization is to organize the correct effort around the team of members.This would also mean that the team would be responsible for conducting and carrying out the basic work of the organization, and since teams are more often than not staffed with differing levels of permanence, they are often responsible for bridging historic line organizations. The contingency theory also stresses on the fact that different periods of either planned or unintentional organizational change would most definitely need effective leaders with particular attributes and characteristics, so that he may be able to help the organization to handle the difficult change process effectively. (Chapter 12, Leadership)Situational Leadership is another style of leadership which is a widely acknowledged and recognized leadership model. Whe n taken in impartial terms, a situational leader is an individual who would be able to quickly adapt his thinking and his methods of leadership to the present situation at hand, and can even change his style wherever and whenever necessary. Ken Blanchard, the well known Management Guru, and the author of the One Minute Manager Series, along with Paul Hersey, created a model for situational leadership during the 1960s.This model would allow the leader to analyze the needs of the situation that he is at present involved in, and then adopt what he thinks and knows would be the very best and effective management and leadership style to solve it. This is a leadership model put in a simple satisfying grid, that has retained its basic normality over the years, because of the fact that it is very simple to comprehend, and also because it can easily be used in the most difficult of situations. (Famous Models Situational Leadership)According to the model, the directing leaders are the indi viduals who define the tasks and roles of their followers, and also supervise them very closely. All the major decisions to be taken would be declared by the leader, and this means that conversation would generally be one-way. Coaching leaders on the other hand, would define roles and tasks, in the same way as the directing leaders would, but would look out for any suggestions or ideas form his followers, while a supporting leader would more often than not typically pass on the several day to day decisions within the organization, like for example, task allocation, and processes, to his followers.Here, although the leader does indeed take part in the decision making processes, most of the control remains with the followers. A relegation leader would remain involved in the major decisions and in the problem solving processes within the firm, but he would be involved only upon the discretion of the follower it is the follower who decides when and how the leader would have to become involved. An effective leader would have to have the capacity and ability to be able to move around the simple grid easily, according to the needs of the situation, and thus become a situational leader. (Famous Models Situational Leadership)Yet another leadership model is Bruce Tuckmans Forming Storming Norming Performing leadership model. According to this model, it is as the team within an organization begins to develop maturity and ability that they would be better able to establish relationships with each other, and because of this, a leader would be able to change his style as the team grows and matures.This type of leader would at the outset start with a directing style, after which he would move on to a coaching style, after which he would adopt the participating, and then the delegating and finishing styles, and finally on to the almost detached style. At this particular point, the team may be able to produce a successor leader, and the previous leader can move on to another team. Therefore, the progression of the leader from one exemplify to the next, according to Bruce Tuckman, would be from forming to storming, and then to norming, and finally, to performing. (Bruce Tuckmans 1965 Forming Storming Norming Performing team-development Model)The Effectiveness of Leadership ModelsThe effectiveness of any particular model depends on the leader himself, and on the various traits and the charisma that he is in possession of. A leader, in general, tends to be identified by position, as they belong to a virtual hierarchy. They are the people to whom the team in the organization looks to for help or for answers, and the leader, with his vision and his efficiency and his ability, would be able to provide the answers wherever necessary. They are also people who have certain special qualities and traits that tend to set them apart form others, and this is very useful because it defines the gap essential between a leader and his followers.This is a view of leader ship that is generally taken as being the best explanation of a leader, and it is followed not only in businesses but also by the government and by the armed forces. A leader may be participative or directional or transformational, but he still would have his own style, and it must always be remembered that a leader is a man who would possess a great amount of power, and one must be careful that there is no misuse of this power. (Classical Leadership) label the supporting research contributing to development of leadership ModelsIt is during the past few decades that a lot more attention has been given to the concept of analyzing various leadership styles and finding the bets one, which would be able to improve the leadership style of an individual within an organization, so that the leader would be able to lead his tem better, and goad them into giving better performances. Theories about transformational leadership, in particular, have become even more important today than they were yesterday, and more and more evidence of these theories have been amassed for all the different levels of the organization. (Bass, 1993)Transformational leadership, it can be stated, has today become almost an obsession with researchers on leadership styles, and why the model is so very appealing is because it is the actual antecedent of a true hero. He is an individual who seems to have circumvented all his weaknesses, and he is also a person who holds great promise of carry about great organizational changes. Bernard Bass is a very active campaigner for the cause of a transformational leader, and he is of the opinion that research on the subject had literally boomed in the past few decades.In fact, a transformational leader is today, an individual who makes up the New leadership types of the modern world. Transformational leadership is so very popular because of the fact that it effectively overcomes every shortcoming that a hero of yesteryears may have possessed, and even thou gh they do have their own flaws, they seem to be better leaders than any others. Typically, a transformational leader seems to tempt his followers with the carrot and stick approach, wherein he can control them with a positive approach. (Gronn, 1995)A transformational leader can also put a lot of passion and energy into everything that he does, and he is able to inspire others with his development of a vision and a view of the future that will inspire his numerous followers. He has to be able to create trust in his followers, and this then will inspire them to follow him. He is a leader who will seek to transform, and he can eventually become a person who would have been personally responsible for frugality his organization form ruin. (Transformational Leadership www.changingminds.org)He is a leader, who is able to recognize as well as exploit a certain need in his followers, analyze their various motives, and engage the complete person of the followers. Some examples of transforma tional leaders through the years are Rousseau, Madison, reformers like Alexander and Grey, revolutionaries like Lenin, Castro, Luther, Mao, heroes like Kennedy, Joan of Arc, and Muhammad. (Boje, 2000)Evaluate the impact of environmental factors on transformational leadershipA transformational leader would through his charisma and his vision for the future can inspire his followers into transcending their own self-interests so that they may work for the betterment and for the profit of their organization. He is an individual who uses with regularity, contingent rewards to positively impact and influence his followers, and he at times takes the initiative himself only if he feels that there are problems, and things are not progressing as well as he thought they were.A transformational leader today is extremely important and relevant in todays workplace because of the traits that he possesses, which are that he is flexible, and he is original and innovative. In fact, a transformational leader is one individual who can be said to be the essence of creating, developing, and ultimately maintaining the so important competitive edge in his organization. (Leading Management Modern BMGT 1301DCCCD)According to Jan Carlzon, in 1987, an individual who was a very effective transformational leader for SAS Airlines, a leader must be able to both encourage and also to facilitate the formulation of an organizational vision, wherein the numerous stakeholders of the organization may feel that they have participated in. He must also be able to create and maintain an environment in which the employees of the organization may feel able to accept and execute all their various duties and responsibilities with a certain ease and confidence. The leader must be able to communicate what he wants to these employees, and teach them the companys vision, and ask them for inputs about how to turn the vision into reality. He must be able to inspire his followers with his vision, and this is the essence of a transformational leader. (A Systemic arrest of Transformational Leadership)Visions may be either positive or negative, and when the vision is indeed positive, then it would also be an idealized design, which would in turn impact the environment. The operable viability of this positive design must be therefore designed in such a way that it would be able to survive if it came into existence in the present environment. Therefore, since a transformational leader is driven by visions and ideas, and not by others expectations of him, he will be able to effectively beat the system and the environment, and not surrender to it in any way, and this in essence is what a transformational leader is all about. (A Systemic View of Transformational Leadership)

Cognitive psychology Essay

Cognitive psychological science foc usances on how a person interprets a picture or message. For example, a double figure drawing much(prenominal) as the top down example below is one part of the cognitive thinking process. A nonher mental exercise is the bottom-up perception of drawings and messages. ofttimes times, the pass judgment in court cases would ask the professional interpretation of the psychologist to help mitigate or aggravate the current sentence of a criminal offender. The succeeding(a) paragraphs explain in detail what cognitive psychology means.1. what advice would you give a judge to persuade her or him of the potential danger of wrongful conviction establish on eyewitness testimony as the sole or primary kind of evidence? Support your claim using cognitive psychology research.The judge should not base his sentencing only on the sole eyewitness statement. For, the judgment should be mitigated or aggravated by the professional opinion of the psychologist. It is a standard procedure for the U.S. judge to ask the Forensic psychologist to give a psychological profile of the defendant. The psychologist will whence make a profile of the psychological well being of the person charged in court. The psychologist then applies the theories of cognitive psychology to determine the behaviour, pathology and motivation and submit his findings to the judge. The judge will then entangle the psychologists professional opinion increase the defendants sentence for aggravating reasons (Burke 1).On the other hand, the judge could also decrease the defendants sentence for mitigating reasons. And the psychologists findings will be used either as an aggravating or mitigating evidence. Normally, the psychologist fag draw up the behavioral tendencies of the defendant by viewing the other evidences on the crime scene, the statements of various witness, friends, neighbors and relatives and prior psychological findings. The psychologist is very much needed in the juvenile courts because the childs behavior is not as mature as those who are eighteen yrs old and above. Generally, the juveniles commit crimes because of their psychological growth is not normal ( or abnormal?), The psychologist discharge recommend to the judge to transfer the child to child rehabilitation center for psychological rehabilitation(Barsalou 5).Likewise, the psychologist can persuade the judge to lessen the sentence in self-aggrandizing criminal cases. The psychologist can opine that the sexual offense was psychologically caused by the defendants state of mind at the time of the crime. He or she could piss been abnormal then. The psychologist can recommend a plea bargaining agreement with the Judge using his psychological findings in order to reduce the sentence that has been mandated by the criminal laws of the United States( Berger 10).In addition, the psychologist can issue his opinion to the courts regarding the reliability of the lone witness psychological pr ofile. For, the witness may not convert as a lone witness if the psychologist opines that witness statements were hallucinations, a big lie, or simply made because of the witness had misinterpreted the situation as what is was not. The psychologist will then assess the stimuli response makeup (cognitive psychology) of the offender.The psychologist can also assess the criminal offenders impulse control and potential for the individual to commit crimes. Likewise, the psychologist can opine to the judge that he defendant cannot psychologically defend himself or herself in the witness stand (Gillespie , 27). This will then be a background signal to decrease the sentence of the defendant upon conviction. To reiterate, the psychologist can tell the court that the defendant was psychologically abnormal when he or she committed the crime. Thus, the judge must compulsorily use the psychologists evaluations of the defendants and the witnesses to plug the holes in his sentencing process.Al so, the sex offenders would need the psychologists hand to help them. The psychologist would then tell the court that the sexual offenders sentence be reduced to being jailed at the Adult Diagnostic and Treatment Center. The psychologist would go about by stating that the defendants psychological makeup is the main cause of his continuing spree of sexual abuse cases.2. Describe what implicit entrepot is. Based on Reber (1993) how is implicit reading and memory different from explicit learning and memory.Implicit memory states that prior experiences affect the current behavior of a person even though the person does not intentionally exert a single effort to ponder over his or her prior experiences. Likewise, repressed memories of the past are equated with implicit memory. For example, improving ones trading performance falls chthonic implicit memory and learning. This is the main reason why many companies prefer to hire and give higher salaries to people who have many years of detainment on experience behind them when they apply for a job. Definitely, a carpenter that has worked in house construction for the past twenty dollar bill years would definitely be more skilled than a carpenter has tucked under his belt only one weeks hands on experience. Whereas, explicit memory is the conscious and intentional recalling of a persons past experiences and informational data (French 26).A very clear example is seek to remember what todays itinerary or hectic schedule is. It would include a ride in the park with the family, a meeting with the climb on of directors in the company, or a customer dropping by to purchase new products. Another is trying to recall the details asked for in the Civil fight classroom test. Further, trying to recall the ATM password or the email address log in username and password when withdrawing money from the ATM machines falls under Explicit learning and memory. In short, explicit memory and learning entails effort exertion which in cludes thinking about ones past experiences. It also includes talk of the town about ones past experiences and writing them done. Further, it includes studying ones past experiences. For, they will surely increase ones expertise on doing a specific job assignment (Esgate 15).Reber stated that implicit learning refers to the variances in the behavior of a person that is influenced by past experiences. However, the person is not sensitive or exerts effort to try to recall the past experiences. Reber proved his theory through countless tests including probability learning. His probability experiments prove that the subjects were suitable to recognize or learn the variance in probabilities of recurring events without their knowing that their prior experiences in the same situation have improved their changes of choosing the next probable event. One Reber experiment shows that the subjects were placed in a training phase. The subjects were told to observe 1,000 scenes at the rate of two scenes in one second in one experiment.The findings of this experiment shows that the subjects were able to learn what the next outcome would be in increasing accuracy as the test went on (Reder, and Schunn 46). Another Reber experiment shows that a person that solves some(prenominal) problems of the same will increase his or her go and accuracy in solving such problems due to experience. However, the subjects were not aware of that their prior acts had influenced their current speed and accuracy. This is very true in classroom math exercises (Reder, and Schunn 69). Reber further emphasizes that memory and learning consists of conscious (Explicit) and unconscious (Implicit) learning processes (OBrien-malone, and Maybery 38). And, Reber insists that the questionnaire index test is an explicit learning process (OBrien-malone, and Maybery 38).3. Define what cognitive psychology is about.Cognitive Psychology is that branch of psychology that delves into the process of how a person uses his mind to find solutions to problems, memory as well as communication. It had metamorphosed from the Gestalt school of Max Wertheirmer, Wolfgang Kohler and Kurt Koffka. However, it was Jean Piaget who increased interest in Cognitive Psychology with his theory that people have different cognitive processes from infancy to old age. Naturally, he emphasized that child cognitive learning is much different from a married persons cognitive learning. going deeper, cognitive psychology involves how the brain solves mathematical and other echt life problems. And, the cognitive scientists believe that the problem solving cognitive process boils down to the rudimentary stimulus and response theory. For, severally stimulus gives different responses to different people (Fleck, 6).What are the main topics?History. Cognitive psychology had branched out from mainline psychology into its own specialized field in the 1950s and 1960s as discussed in Donald Broadbents masterpiece entitled P erception and Communication in 1958. It pore on the processing of information with the incorporation of Donald Broadbents paradigm theory. Basically it was a study on how a person thinks and reasons as he tackles each problem or situation in real life or in the classroom.Broadbent emphasized that the brain is a the central processing unit of the human race being. Then, George Miller created the WordNet which is the foundation for many machine ontologies today. This was also the basis that has permeated from cognitive psychology to other fields like social psychology, personality psychology, abnormal psychology,developmental psychology. Currently, current cognitive theories are being attacked from many sides. One such side is the dynamic system proponents. Further, cognitive psychology has gathered the fruits of researches in artificial intelligence and other fields of expertise in the 1960s and the 1970s (Esgate 15).Major research areas. Currently, the major research areas of cog nitive psychology are general perception, psychophysics, attention, exemplar recognition, object recognition and time sensation (Berger ).Cognitive psychologists. The list of cognitive psychologists continues to grow through the years. Some of the more famous ones are Johan Anderson, Robbie Case, Lev Vygotsksy, Alan Baddeley, Frederic Barlett, Aaron T. Beck, Donald Broadbent, Reber, Jerome Bruner, Fergus, Craik, Keneth Craik, Hermann Ebbinghaus. Albert Ellis, and Jean Piaglet (Berger, 4).What are some basic assumptions?Cognitive process involves a stimulus and the corresponding response to such stimulus. Basically, cognitive theory states the problems in math and other real life situations can be easily accomplished with the use of algorithm. Algorithm is the localize of rules that will give a specific solution for a set of inputs. For example, one plus one (inputs) is equal to two ( the algorithm here is to count how many ones are there). Here, the rules for cognitively solving p roblems are rather light or too complex for the simple -minded person to comprehend. Logically, there is another way of cognitively solving problems. This is what is called in psychology circles as heuristics. In swell contrast, heuristics shows that the rules of solving classroom and real life problems are clearly understood but the final solution varies from one situation to another.What are some of the different methods employed by cognitive psychologists?The psychologists employ several methods to deepen their study of cognitive psychology. One such method is the scientific method. Another method is to use a persons cognitive outfit in terms of belief, motivation and desire that are part of the mental processes. But, they always use subjects in their researches on how a person interprets a picture, a messages or other types of communication signals passing his or her way.

Does a Person Need to be Smart to Become a Millionaire Essay

Indeed, an separates brilliance is necessitated in order for him/her to aim a millionaire. Allow me to explain further. In order to accomplish the status of a millionaire, an individual ought to realize that making money is just the first step to success (June.. n. p. ). Of course, for a soulfulness to reach such a realization, he or she needs to possess intelligence or brilliance (June.. n. p. ). If he or she is incapacitated and cannot realize this, past he or she get out never make it as a millionaire (June.. n. p. ).Simply put, an individual cannot get to the top without starting somewhere and knowing where to start entails being smart (June.. n. p. ). So, yes, a person needs to be smart to go bad a millionaire (June.. n. p. ). Second, even if an individual has the means to earn money, say through a business, or a regular job, if he or she does not know how to grow his or her money then it is useless, he or she will never b satis situationory to save a big amount such as a million (June.. n. p. ). Again here, growing the money requires a great mind (June.. . p. ).An individual should be a critical thinker, knowing where to invest his or her money for it to be able to grow (June.. n. p. ). Clearly, we realize again through the aforementioned that a person needs to be smart to become a millionaire (June.. n. p. ). Third, although a person realizes that he or she ought to make money, and even though he or she knows how to grow the money, if he or she does not know how to preserve, keep, and protect it then it is useless, his or effort will only lead to nothing (June.. .n. p. ).He or she will not become a millionaire if he or she does not have the intellect to preserve, keep, and protect it (June.. n. p. ). For instance, if an individual invested his or her money then it grew, but his wife or her husband, say, requested that a new car be bought, although it is unnecessary to purchase such at the moment and the wife or the husband obliged to getting one without thinking twice or just because he or she was just too emotional (say, excited rough having a new car as well) then instead of becoming a millionaire, the money will just be lessened if not all spent (June.. . p. ).See, an individual who is extremely subjective and cannot be very objective in making decisions with regards to preserving, keeping, and protecting money will never achieve the title, millionaire (June.. n. p. ). recommend that a person who is extremely subjective and cannot be objective is not smart and not being smart leads to loss of money (June.. n. p. ). Therefore, a person needs to be smart to become a millionaire (June.. n. p. ). Fourth, a person needs to know important technical terms in order to become a millionaire (June.. . p. ). Some of these terminologies include the following cover trusts, estate planning, asset protection, insurance and other wealth preservation strategies (June.. n. p. ).Understanding the definitions of each and how it works inv olves a brilliant mind (June.. n. p. ). If an individual cannot at all be aware of and identify with all these, then there is no guarantee that he or she can become a millionaire (June.. n. p. ). Thus, a person really needs to be smart to become a millionaire (June.. . p. ). Fifth, an individual should be able to drive that to become a millionaire saving and investing should be carried out early in life (June.. n. p. ). If he or she does not realize such fact then he or she cannot be categorized as smart (June.. n. p. ). This is why a person really needs to be smart to become a millionaire someday (June.. n. p. ). Last but not least, a person who thinks that becoming a millionaire can happen overnight is not really a great or critical thinker (June.. n. p. ).A person as such is exactly the opposite of intelligent or smart since he or she depends on luck rather than on certain essentials like industriousness & being wise (June.. n. p. ). For example, he or she may opt to gamble beca use he or she believes that his or money will double through lotteries, casinos, card games, pyramiding scams etc (June.. n. p. ). A person who does this is not brilliant enough to entertain such thoughts and actually carry it out since it is too risky (June.. n. p. ). On a final note, it takes someone smart to become a millionaire really.

Airline Regulation

Airline statute has been a subject of debate for a long time now. This has been due to various views that realise been expressed by various stake holders who hold that in that location are pros can cons of political sympathies regulation of the pip path industry.This paper will try to cheek at various issues that surround the regulation of the airline industry by the government. 1.Is the regulation from the government necessary again?The regulation from the government is necessary at the airline industry. The reason as to why the government should regulate the airlines is because of lack of uniformity and decrease in quality of services. If the government could regulate the industry, this be avoided since there will be a fair playing ground in the industry. This would also encourage various airlines to concentrate on safety matters and equip the aircrafts with needed systems by the law.According to Aarons (1996) the USAF B737-200 clashed killing all 34 on calling card and the sources say that the aircraft was not fit with all systems required by the civil regulation, (FDR, CVR, TCAS 11or WDS AND GPS). If this aircraft was equipped with the above systems, the accident could not have occurred. 2. How far should the government go in tightening or loosening its control over the industry?The government should control only the fare and airport charges nationwide. This would help in unifying the great competition affecting smaller airlines from larger airlines. Some areas have some passengers than other areas and if an airline monopolize in those routes they may run at a loss.The government should standardize the charges depending on the weight of the aircraft and which airfield the airline is trajectory or operating from. The government should not be interfering with the airlines marketing strategy. (Economic Council of Canada, 1999) 3.How have the events of the September 11 attack modify your decision on airline Regulation?After the September 11 a ttack, airlines were affected as many people feared to fly and the effects were felt in other areas as the in contendd flights reduced drastically in fear of more attacks.Through the government regulation, people were assured of safety as the government established a board to investigate the matters regarding the attack. No airline would claim to be safe than the other because they should all follow set rules. After the attack, only the strong/bigger airlines were competent to ferry passengers in the country because they were able to make more flights in given period for they could afford to reserve some seats for security personnel, this favour them affecting smaller airlines.In one incidence, a passenger was found with a pistol on a flight to, the airlines public dealings manager said would take the matter to ensure that the security at the airport was tightened. (Air transport news, World Air news magazine february1994) 4.How do war and a weak economy change your perception of government regulation?When war engulf a country, there is a possibility of disruption of flight schedules which makes some areas becomes partially or completely inaccessible. If there is no government intervention, the airlines suffers losses. But if the government regulates the economy may stabilize which comes as relief to the affected airlines.When the growth of the economy slows down and the strength of the currency weakens, cost goes up including fuel, the airlines fare goes up as a result. There is need for government regulation in this case in order to slow lower the cost of fuel operation.ConclusionPartial regulation by the government is important to put some manakin of control in the industry. This would be in line with protecting the interests of the passengers and the interest of the airlines.ReferenceAaron, A. (1996). CFTI in Dubrovnik. Business & Commercial Aviation international, august 1996.Economic Council of Canada, (1999). Responsible Regulation. An interim Re port, August 1999.World air news, (2004). Air transport news. February 2004.