The Benefits of Tourism Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Benefits of Tourism - Assignment Example Additionally, other economic benefits like infrastructural development in form of roads, airports and facilities like hotels are achieved. With enhanced opportunities, expansion of the economy and the means of livelihood is made possible. Consequently, with tourism, more revenue is generated into the economy which assist the society to achieve better services. On the socio-cultural front, tourism has provided an opportunity for local communities to show their distinct and unique cultural values and customs while also opening out their natural resources to the tourists and in the process diversifying regional economy (Tapper, 2006). Consequently, by providing the platform, tourism encourages a feeling of belonging in the society and pride which encourages the preservation of the means of livelihood of the people in form of their culture and traditional beliefs. On the environmental front, apart from supporting conservation efforts financially and creating awareness regarding natural r esources management, tourism also ensures that the community’s environment, cultures and the community’s heritage through putting in place effective policies, proper planning and research which makes the tourist destination more reliable and desirable hence acting as a marketing tool for the destination (Mak, 2004). Additionally, through environmental conservation campaigns in forms of sports activities like marathons, tourism adds more value to the destination which benefits the local tourism

The Relationship Between Human and Nature Essay Example for Free

The Relationship Between Human and Nature Essay After reading the article in our text book Is weather getting worse, I learn that despite of the increased disasters brought about by bad weather, scientists are hesitant to say the weather is getting worse for lack of strong data to prove the statement. As harsh weather happens infrequently, it is difficult for scientists to come up with enough scientifically sound statistics. Besides, even if they had good numbers, the present computer resolution is still too coarse to be able to make definite predictions. Although the hypothesis that global warming is to blame for harsh weather arouses wide attention among scientists, no one can provide enough evidence to prove it. El Nino is the periodic warming of the equatorial Pacific that induces storms and other climatic events, historically occurs once every three or seven years and lasts for up to two years. It can cause storms, floods, droughts, and secondary effects like fires. I also referred to some other articles about human and nature, one of which is called The Role of Animal-derived Remedies as Complementary Medicine in Brazil. In this article, they report on the use of 283 medicinal animal species in Brazil, 96% of which are wild caught and 27% of which are on one or more lists of endangered species. Further population declines may limit users’access to these bioresources and diminish the knowledge base upon which traditional medicine is built. Though largely different, these articles lead me to think of the relationship between human and nature. I am a girl deeply in love with nature, the plants, the animals, the rivers, the mountains, and I have a date with the grassland. When I was 10 years old, I was shocked by the breath-taking beauty of the intriguing grassland on TV, hoping that one day I could ride on a fine horse gallopping across the vast plain. Now I am 20 years old and not a long time later, I will be armed with enough time and money to travel to the grassland. But I am worried. I am afraid that the grassland will disappear totally before I am able to embrace it because of human beings cruel activity of destroying nature. It is widely known that nature, the environment which human beings live by, s magnificent and unique. There is only one earth with super living conditions in the universe. We should have cherished nature and preserved it. Conversely, however, we have been continually spoiling it, even to a shocking degree. Now lets see what we have done. Thousands of trees have been cut down per year, which has caused soil erosion. Hundreds of thousands of tons of CFCS have been left in the higher sky in the last decade which has led to the ozone layer leak above the South Pole that covers an area of that of the United States. Million tons of fuel containing nitrogen and sulphur have been consumed per year, which has eventually resulted in acid rain throughout the world. Similarly, ecology has been affected as well. And considerable number of species have been extinct. As the years go by, many creatures, common in the past, are becoming less and less, even rare. The Tibet antelope, for instance, is a good example. Since the antelopes of Tibet have a part of fur on their body which can be made into a precious cape, driven by some lawless dealers many villagers killed antelopes excessively and shocking for the large suns of fortune. Because of this, the number of the antelopes of Tibet has sharply fallen from over one million to less than one hundred thousand. And whats more, the number has now decreased by 20 thousand per year. Qing Zang Platean, which was their homeland, is their tombs now. This is how nature has suffered what we have done to it. However, nature cant suffer any more. She lost her temper and could no longer possibly put up with humans. She gave humans harsh punishment, which she thought they deserved. The acid rain has caused the less of more than 100 billion dollars throughout the world per year. And because of desertisation, soil is becoming more and more barren. The soil of many planes is now until for growing plants. The air is less fresh, and a lot of people even get many strange diseases. The acid rain has caused the loss of more than 100 billion dollars throughout the world per year. And because of desertisation, soil is becoming more and more barren. The air is less fresh, and a lot of people even get many strange diseases. Those are all the punishments of nature to humans pollution. On the other hand, human being suffer a lot as well. The period from now to the year of 2080, the global average temperature will rise by 2-4 centigrades. 1100-3200 million people will have trouble in getting safe and clean drinking water. 200-600 million people will be threatened with starvation. 200-700 million residents of the coastal regions will suffer catastrophic floods and waterlogging. So it leads to a serious of questions Why cant we live harmoniously with nature? Why cant we set a balance between human and nature? Why cant we pay more attention to nature and try to reserve it? Therefore, before we take immediate measures to do something, we should be aware of the fact that Conquering nature will never be our goal, instead, we should look on nature as our intimate friend. Preserving nature is not only preserving our home, but the civilization of human community as well. My dear friends, lets do something to protect our earth, our home. Lets reserve a blue sky for the birds, a piece of ice for the polar bears, a body of water for the fish and a grassland for me to travel to.

The Issues of Neglected Children Essay -- Child Abuse Neglect Childhoo

The Issues of Neglected Children â€Å" â€Å"Child†: means a boy or a girl apparently or effectively aged less than eighteen years† (Van Stolk 146). â€Å"Rich kids, middle-class kids, poor kids - all deal with risk and neglect on a scale unimagined in previous generations† (Hewitt 11). There are problems of poverty, absentee parents, divorce, violence and drugs, plus much more that is simply out of hand. Deprivation and rejection dominate the lives of many children, among both poor and middle-class. We cannot ensure the safety of children on the streets or in our homes. On the educational front the news is even more disturbing, since underachievement and failure are now very popular. Something else that contributes to child neglect is a fast rate of family breakdown. This is an effect of divorce and rapid increase in single parent pregnancies. Couples marrying today face an even higher chance of divorcing at some point during their lives together. â€Å"A family’s deterioration can come about in ways other than separation† (Wilson 50). Staying together, in certain conditions and situations may increase further economical or psychological problems that may affect the child. Social attitudes today are scarcely more tolerant. â€Å"With the ratio of one divorce in four marriages moving towards one in three, we have been forced to look beyond those unexamined assumptions to asses realistically the changing role and changing needs of the family in Canadian society† ( Canadian Council 28). For women, and their children, divorce can often put severe economic hardships on them. Another part of family breakdown can occur when the absence of a male presence or male support to single mother families. â€Å"In the years following divorce living standards for ex-wives drop by an average of 30 percent while those for men rise an 8 percent† (Hewitt 41). Although babies from teenage girls have declined, the unmarried single parent teenagers who have children has risen rapidly. â€Å"There are now close to half a million live births to unwed teenagers every year† (Hewitt 41). The children in our society are defined by their dependent status. â€Å"From birth, to early adulthood, children must look to others to provide the adequate and dependable economic support required to meet their needs† (Canadian Council 21). Even in early childhood, they cannot support themselves and even if th... ...ore worth doing than easing the pain and improving the life chances of vulnerable, blameless children† (Hewitt 283). We need to invest in our children to save ourselves from further disaster. An additional distinctive character, is if we revise our civil policies so that children may prosper, it will greatly improve the economic status of women. â€Å"Enhancing and enforcing child support awards eases the lives of the children of divorce but also bolsters the standard living of ex-wives; mandating parental leave improves life circumstances of infants but also protects the earning power of women and reduces wage gap..† (Hewitt 282). â€Å"If we fail to look after our children they will drag this nation down† (Hewitt 10). Bibliography: 1. Canadian Council on Children and Youth. Admittance restricted: The child as citizen in Canada. Ottawa, Ont. , c1978. 2. Hewitt, Sylvia Ann. When the bough breaks: the cost of neglecting our children. New York, New York. 1987. 3. Van Stolk, Mary. The battered child in Canada. Rev. ed.Toronto, McClelland and Stewart, c1978. 4. Wilson, Jeffrey. Up against it : Children and the law in Canada. Toronto, Anasi. c1980.

Middle Childhood and Adolescence Paper Essay

The change that occurs from middle childhood to adolescence is arguably one of the most profound changes that children go through. Not only do children change physically but emotionally. â€Å"Adolescence is the transitional period between late childhood and the beginning of adulthood, and marks the beginning of the reproductive lifespan in humans. Adolescence involves sexual maturity in terms of hormones and physical development of the body, and is also characterized by an increase in the complexity of group interactions and thus social behavior (Lerner and Steinberg, 2004)†. During this time of transition many develop a stronger sense of self and begin to separate from completely associated themselves with their family members. This is a completely normal stage of transition for children turning into adolescents and becoming a vital part of a larger community. Family Dynamics There are many ways a child’s upbringing can affect how they mature into adults. A primary aspect taken into consideration is the family dynamic in which a child is raised. In many cases a child with a family that is well structured, has sound moral characteristics, and provides a stable environment is more likely to be a successful member of society. Whereas a child who has a family that is dysfunctional is less likely to be in a healthy environment emotionally or physically. For example, â€Å"Recent research has suggested that the family plays an important role in depressive disorders (Keitner & Miller, 1990; Keitner, Miller, Epstein, & Bishop, 1990). More specifically, research has demonstrated that families of depressed patients manifest significant impairments in family functioning during the patient’s acute episode relative to control families (Crowther, 1985; Dobson, 1987; Keitner, Miller, Epstein, & Bishop, 1986) with 50%–75% of families of depressed patients manifesting significant family dysfunction.†(Miller, I. W., Keitner, G. I., Whisman, M. A., Ryan, C. E.,  Epstein, N. B., & Bishop, D. S. ,1992). A dysfunctional family can become a catalyst for many undesirable emotional attributes and or physical reactions that can occur after being subjected to higher levels of dysfunction. For example if a child is verbally abused by a parent they may exhibit such behaviors towards their peers to gain some form of control in their life. Peer Influences: From Middle Childhood to Adolescence Peers from middle childhood onto adolescence make a substantial change with age. Many children at a young age learn how to socialize with other children and generally behave well with the collective group. As children grow in age and their hormones develop, they become more aware of their surrounding social group. This can have both negative and positive impacts on development. â€Å"The poor peer relations of aggressive children could make them isolated psychologically or physically from peers, which in turn might result in depressive or disruptive problems.† (Yamasaki, K., & Nishida, N. 2009). Whereas in a healthy peer relation environment a child will be more likely to excel socially and develop a strong sense of individuality amongst those around them. Pressures faced in Adolescence vs. Middle Childhood. During the change from middle childhood to adolescence, children are begin to develop their own identity. They are physically going through major changes. Where sexual differences before adolescence usually played a dividing factor when it comes to social interactions, chemical changes that happen to most adolescent boys or girls bring about a change in interest. Often children begin to think more abstractly during this change instead of just asking why they think of the multiple possibilities. Children going through adolescence are going through body image struggles, boys feel pressured to have to meet â€Å"masculine† standards, whereas girls go through major changes in body image and can feel vulnerable. â€Å"With puberty, normal increases in girls’ body, fat can impact body image and self-concept negatively for many. Both boys and girls might be concerned with skin problems, height, weight, and overall appearance.† (Oregon State University, 2001). Almost all children face this significant change through puberty, which brings on emotional changes as well. It is important to encourage an understanding of healthy body image to boost confidence. Changes in Moral Values from Middle Childhood to  Adolescence During the change from middle childhood to adolescence moral values begin to advance beyond just the understanding of what is right or wrong determined by peers. During middle childhood children think more along the lines of what is fair, and rely on more of a give and take dynamic. With a transition to adolescence children begin to take into account others feelings and their perspective. Also when a child becomes older they come to see â€Å"the bigger picture†, and become influenced by society’s moral standards. â€Å"Increasing ability to take perspective of others into account with own perspective. (Children) Begins to question social conventions and re-examine own values and moral/ethical principles, sometimes resulting in conflicts with parents.†(Oregon State University, 2001). The mind begins to open to understanding different scenarios. This is when most children begin to question their peers and even formulate their own opinions, sometimes that involves changing from having the same ideals as their parents. Conclusion There are many changes that happen during the change from middle childhood to adolescence. Physical changes include changes in bodily image, many children enter into puberty at this time. When children become adolescents they become more involved with their self-image and individuality. Emotional changes begin to happen at this age as well, some attribute it to hormone changes, however cognitive growth also has a lot to do with the change. During this time of change it is important for families to provide helpful guidance without over stepping personal boundaries of young budding adults. Being a supportive family will increase a child’s ability to transition well and become a successful, well-rounded member of society. References Choudhury, S., Blakemore, S., & Charman, T. (2006, December). Social cognitive development during adolescence. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2555426/ Miller, I. W., Keitner, G. I., Whisman, M. A., Ryan, C. E., Epstein, N. B., & Bishop, D. S. (1992). Depressed patients with dysfunctional families: Description and course of illness. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 101(4), 637-646. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.101.4.637 Nickerson, A. B., & Nagle, R. J. (2004). The influence of parent and peer attachments on life satisfaction in middle childhood and early adolescence. Social Indicators Research, 66(1-2), 35-60. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:SOCI.0000007496.42095.2c Oregon State University. (2001, January). Middle Childhood and Adolescent Development [Chart]. Retrieved from http://extension.oregonstate.edu/tillamook/sites/default/files/documents/4h/ecno1527.pdf Yamasaki, K., & Nishida, N. (2009). The relationship between three types of aggression and peer relations in elementary school children. International Journal of Psychology, 44(3), 179-186. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00207590701656770

Clive Robertson vs Hal Niedzviecki Essay

There are contrasts between Clive Robertson and Hal Niedzviecki. One is talking about how Artist-Run Centre can run better and it should be continue with younger artist in this century and one is talking about the Art Bureaucracy is ruining artists’ creativity and decisions. The following essay will be deep discuss each writer’s point of view and the ambitions of art. In Clive Robertson’s essay, â€Å"Policy Matters: Administrations of Art and Culture, through InFest: International Artist Run Culture, it was held in Vancouver in 2004. He discussed the Canadian artists where they held artist space, artist-run centre or artist’ events during the past and present. Clive said, â€Å"The manifestations of the artist-run culture movement in Canada has been widespread and enduring for many reasons aside from its existence within a particular conjuncture of nation-building through state funding. † (Clive 3) Artist-Run Culture was very active during the sixties and seventies, that’s why Clive said the art culture movement has been widespread. Clive also discussed what claims to be contemporary art in the essay. Talking about artist-run culture, many people must be confused what that is. For myself, I didn’t know the differences between public gallery, commercial gallery or what artist-run centre is if I see a gallery on the street because the gallery is usually just showing the works. After a deep thought, I realized there are differences between different galleries. Public gallery is like AGO, though you need to pay the admission fee to go in, it’s a museum for you to browse the arts. Museum usually is just for browsing, not purchasing. For commercial gallery, is a private owned gallery where the artists can sell their own works. I didn’t know much of Artist-run centre until I know there’s Nuit Blanche. Nuit Blanche is a big artist-run centre in Toronto and I think it’s very successful. As Clive said in the text, â€Å"The first thing is that conceptualism’s intellectual currency as an art-making strategy is very much alive; and, secondly that the projects of self-government or self-administration and bureaucracy for artists have to be â€Å"lived through† in order to comprehend and assess what rules are in play and which sets of rules provide the most or least acceptable ethical opportunities and advantages. (Clive 2) Artist-run is hard to run it without funding from government or non-profit organizations. So, they think it’s better to run as bureaucracy for artists. They will have a more stable base to run art. Arts need to be thinking out of the box which Designers always been asked to do. Artist-Run Centre keeps on running in different places, but it seems like artists and curators stop discussing about it. The artists and curators from this generation should start to write about the Artist-Run Centre, or else it would just stop as history and there’s no contemporary anymore. Hal Niedzivecki discussed in the essay, Fear and Loathing on the Granting Trail: Canadian Art Versus Canadian Bureaucracy†, Niedzivecki said Canadian artists suffers from Arts Bureaucracy Angst (ABA). ABA can ruin the artists’ life, such as creativity. The world is full of judgments and right or wrong, but it seems like Arts Bureaucracy is not giving artists choices of what they are doing. Niedzivecki had given examples of the artists/writers about their story. â€Å"You’ll note that Molly Morin learned a reverse lesson: she got her grant, and so was empowered, personally – not financially – to pursue her poetry and publish her chapbook†¦. A faceless verdict is issued; lacking context or explanation or encouragement, one can easily mistake that verdict decision – ever meant to be† (Niedzivecki 259) Arts Bureaucracy can be putting some pressures on the artists. People always say being an artist is so poor; you’ll be famous after you died. For artists, they make art because they love to create something through art and they make money from it, but it is hard to make money from doing art. As Niedzivecki mentioned, â€Å"Artists have always needed funding. † (Niedzivecki 259), artists don’t know their art will sell and earn them money. ABA is the ugly, gnawing feeling we get when we sense that our livelihood is under threat by forces – global, government – that we can neither affect nor predit. † (Niedzivecki 260) Not only artist and designer, basically everything is controlled by the global and the government. You do have the right to make some art or design, but you can’t avoid having judgments or rejections from the global. ABA is totally a discouragement to artist. Niedzivecki could depict the truthfulness and the ugliness of ABA in the essay. In conclusion, contemporary art is not only involve with conceptual art, body art, environmental art, correspondence art, performance art, but it’s include with artist-run centre and arts bureaucracy angst. In contrast between Clive Robertson and Hal Niedzivecki, they both have different points of view of contemporary Canadian art. Indeed, I found a similarity between two authors message is that artists are â€Å"starving artist†, where Niedzivecki had mentioned in the essay. Artists want to do their best in their artworks and get compliments from others. Unfortunately, the rejections or judgments they get are way more than compliments.

Battle of Saratoga in the American Revolution

Battle of Saratoga in the American Revolution The Battle of Saratoga was fought September 19 and October 7, 1777, during the American Revolution (1775-1783). In the spring of 1777, Major General John Burgoyne proposed a plan for defeating the Americans. Believing that New England was the seat of the rebellion, he proposed cutting the region off from the other colonies by moving down the Hudson River corridor while a second force, led by Colonel Barry St. Leger, advanced east from Lake Ontario. Meeting at Albany, they would press down the Hudson, while General William Howes army advanced north from New York. British Plans An attempt to capture Albany from the north had been attempted the previous year, but the British commander, Sir Guy Carleton, had elected to withdraw after the Battle of Valcour Island (October 11) citing the lateness of the season. On February 28, 1777, Burgoyne presented his plan to the Secretary of State for the Colonies, Lord George Germain. Reviewing the documents, he granted Burgoyne permission to move forward and appointed him to lead the army that would invade from Canada. Germain did so having already approved a plan from Howe that called for the British army in New York City to advance against the American capital at Philadelphia. Â   It is unclear whether Burgoyne was aware of Howes intentions to attack Philadelphia before he left Britain. Though Howe was later informed that he should support Burgoynes advance, he was not specifically told what this should entail. Additionally, Howes seniority precluded Burgoyne from issuing him orders. Writing in May, Germain told Howe that he expected the Philadelphia campaign to be concluded in time to assist Burgoyne, but his letter contained no specific orders. Burgoyne Advances Moving forward that summer, Burgoynes advance initially met with success as Fort Ticonderoga was captured and Major General Arthur St. Clairs command forced to retreat. Pursuing the Americans, his men won a victory at the Battle of Hubbardton on July 7. Pressing down from Lake Champlain, the British advance was slow as the Americans diligently worked to block the roads south. The British plan began to unravel in quick succession as Burgoyne became plagued by supply issues. To help remedy this issue, he dispatched a column led by Lieutenant Colonel Friedrich Baum to raid Vermont for supplies. This force encountered American forces led by Brigadier General John Stark on August 16. In the resulting Battle of Bennington, Baum was killed and his predominantly Hessian command suffered over fifty percent casualties. The loss resulted in the desertion of many of Burgoynes Native American allies. Burgoynes situation was further worsened by news that St. Leger had turned back and that Howe had left New York to begin a campaign against Philadelphia. Alone and with his supply situation worsening, he elected to move south in an effort to take Albany before winter. Opposing his advance was an American army under the command of Major General Horatio Gates. Appointed to the position on August 19, Gates inherited an army that was rapidly growing due to the success at Bennington, outrage over the slaying of Jane McCrea by Burgoynes Native Americans, and the arrival of militia units. Gates army also benefited from General George Washingtons earlier decision to send north his best field commander, Major General Benedict Arnold, and Colonel Daniel Morgans rifle corps. Armies Commanders Americans Major General Horatio GatesMajor General Benedict ArnoldColonel Daniel Morgan9,000 growing to 15,000 men British Major General John Burgoyne7,200 declining to 6,600 men Battle of Freemans Farm On September 7, Gates moved north from Stillwater and occupied a strong position atop Bemis Heights, approximately ten miles south of Saratoga. Along the heights, elaborate fortifications were constructed under the eye of engineer Thaddeus Kosciusko which commanded the river and the road to Albany. In the American camp, tensions festered as the relationship between Gates and Arnold soured. Despite this, Arnold was given command of the left wing of the army and the responsibility for preventing the capture of heights to the west which dominated the Bemis position. Crossing the Hudson north of Saratoga between September 13-15, Burgoyne advanced on the Americans. Hampered by American efforts to block the road, heavy woods, and broken terrain, Burgoyne was not in position to attack until September 19. Seeking to take the heights to the west, he devised a three-prong attack. While Baron Riedesel advanced with a mixed British-Hessian force along the river, Burgoyne and Brigadier General James Hamilton would move inland before turning south to attack Bemis Heights. The third column under Brigadier General Simon Fraser would move further inland and work to turn the American left. Arnold and Morgan Attack Aware of British intentions, Arnold lobbied Gates to attack while the British were marching through the woods. Though preferring to sit and wait, Gates finally relented and permitted Arnold to advance Morgans riflemen along with some light infantry. He also stated that if the situation required, Arnold could involve more of his command. Moving forward to an open field on the farm of Loyalist John Freeman, Morgans men soon sighted the lead elements of Hamiltons column. Opening fire, they targeted the British officers before advancing. Driving back the lead company, Morgan was forced to retreat into the woods when Frasers men appeared on his left. With Morgan under pressure, Arnold funneled additional forces into the fight. Through the afternoon intense fighting raged around the farm with Morgans riflemen decimating the British artillery. Sensing an opportunity to crush Burgoyne, Arnold requested additional troops from Gates but was refused and issued orders to fall back. Ignoring these, he continued the fight. Hearing the battle along the river, Riedesel turned inland with most of his command. Appearing on the American right, Riedesels men rescued the situation and opened a heavy fire. Under pressure and with the sun setting, the Americans withdrew back to Bemis Heights. Though a tactical victory, Burgoyne suffered over 600 casualties as opposed to around 300 for the Americans. Consolidating his position, Burgoyne put off further attacks in the hope that Major General Sir Henry Clinton could provide assistance from New York City. While Clinton did raid up the Hudson in early October, he was not able to provide aid. In the American camp, the situation between the commanders reached a crisis when Gates did not mention Arnold in his report to Congress regarding the Freemans Farm battle. Devolving into a shouting match, Gates relieved Arnold and gave his command to Major General Benjamin Lincoln. Though granted a transfer back to Washingtons army, Arnold remained as more and more men arrived in camp. Battle of Bemis Heights Concluding the Clinton was not coming and with his supply situation critical Burgoyne called a council of war. Though Fraser and Riedesel advocated retreat, Burgoyne refused and they agreed instead upon a reconnaissance in force against the American left on October 7. Led by Fraser, this force numbered around 1,500 men and advanced from Freeman Farm to the Barber Wheatfield. Here it encountered Morgan as well as the brigades of Brigadier Generals Enoch Poor and Ebenezer Learned. While Morgan attacked the light infantry on Frasers right, Poor shattered the grenadiers on the left. Hearing the fighting, Arnold dashed from his tent and took de facto command. With his line collapsing, Fraser tried to rally his men but was shot and killed. Beaten, the British fell back to the Balcarres Redoubt at Freemans Farm and Breymanns Redoubt slightly to the northwest. Attacking Balcarres, Arnold was initially repulsed, but worked men around the flank and took it from behind. Organizing an attack on Breymanns, Arnold was shot in the leg. The redoubt subsequently fell to American assaults. In the fighting, Burgoyne lost another 600 men, while American losses were only around 150. Gates remained in camp for the duration of the battle. Aftermath The next evening, Burgoyne began withdrawing north. Halting at Saratoga and with his supplies exhausted, he called a council of war. While his officers favored fighting their way north, Burgoyne ultimately decided to open surrender negotiations with Gates. Though he initially demanded an unconditional surrender, Gates agreed to a treaty of convention whereby Burgoynes men would be taken to Boston as prisoners and permitted to return to England on the condition that they not fight in North America again. On October 17, Burgoyne surrendered his remaining 5,791 men. The turning point of the war, the victory at Saratoga proved key in securing a treaty of alliance with France.

Free Essays on Cognitive Behavior

Where did Cognitive Behavior Therapy come from? Cognitive behavior therapy was devised in the late 1950s and early 1960s by Albert Ellis, Ph.D. in New York and by Aaron Beck, M.D. in Philadelphia. Although they worked independently of each other, both Ellis and Beck had grown dissatisfied with the traditional psychoanalytic (Freudian) therapies that they thought were ineffective. They both trained with Freud. Both Ellis and Beck believed that peoples’ conscious beliefs and thought processes were very important in understanding how people became depressed, anxious, or disturbed. Freudian psychoanalytic theory, on the other hand, had tended to de-emphasize conscious thought. By the late 1950s, advances in behavioral science and experimental psychology had brought up questions of the main assumptions of psychoanalysis, and new theories of the human mind were coming about. â€Å"There are actually several kinds of Cognitive-Behavioral therapies (spelled behavioural in British English), and they all employ the same general premise: in contrast to the psychodynamic emphasis on insight into unconscious motivation, the cognitive-behavioral therapies emphasize the ability of people to make changes in their lives without having to understand why the change occurs. â€Å" (Richmond, 2001) What is the theory behind Cognitive Behavior Therapy? By 1962, research into human emotion had found that people’s thoughts, beliefs, and assumptions about events are important in guiding emotional experience (Carson, B.M. 2000). For example, important research showed that people tend to label their physiological arousal according to the environmental situation they perceive. Experiments demonstrated that the physical effects of adrenaline could be labeled as fear, anger, or giddiness, depending on the person’s assumptions and thoughts about their situation. Because people's thoughts had such powerful effects on their emotional experience and emotional ... Free Essays on Cognitive Behavior Free Essays on Cognitive Behavior Where did Cognitive Behavior Therapy come from? Cognitive behavior therapy was devised in the late 1950s and early 1960s by Albert Ellis, Ph.D. in New York and by Aaron Beck, M.D. in Philadelphia. Although they worked independently of each other, both Ellis and Beck had grown dissatisfied with the traditional psychoanalytic (Freudian) therapies that they thought were ineffective. They both trained with Freud. Both Ellis and Beck believed that peoples’ conscious beliefs and thought processes were very important in understanding how people became depressed, anxious, or disturbed. Freudian psychoanalytic theory, on the other hand, had tended to de-emphasize conscious thought. By the late 1950s, advances in behavioral science and experimental psychology had brought up questions of the main assumptions of psychoanalysis, and new theories of the human mind were coming about. â€Å"There are actually several kinds of Cognitive-Behavioral therapies (spelled behavioural in British English), and they all employ the same general premise: in contrast to the psychodynamic emphasis on insight into unconscious motivation, the cognitive-behavioral therapies emphasize the ability of people to make changes in their lives without having to understand why the change occurs. â€Å" (Richmond, 2001) What is the theory behind Cognitive Behavior Therapy? By 1962, research into human emotion had found that people’s thoughts, beliefs, and assumptions about events are important in guiding emotional experience (Carson, B.M. 2000). For example, important research showed that people tend to label their physiological arousal according to the environmental situation they perceive. Experiments demonstrated that the physical effects of adrenaline could be labeled as fear, anger, or giddiness, depending on the person’s assumptions and thoughts about their situation. Because people's thoughts had such powerful effects on their emotional experience and emotional ...

Quotes From Quaker and Abolitionist Lucretia Mott

Quotes From Quaker and Abolitionist Lucretia Mott Lucretia Mott, a Quaker, was known as an antislavery advocate and womens rights activist. Many of her quotes express the feminism, antiracism, and religious sentiments that she became famous for. Lucretia Mott Quotes on Womens Rights The world has never yet seen a truly great and virtuous nation because, in the degradation of women, the very fountains of life are poisoned at their source. Let her [woman] receive encouragement for the proper cultivation of all her powers, so that she may enter profitably into the active business of life. I grew up so thoroughly imbued with womens rights that it was the most important question of my life from a very early day. It is not Christianity, but priestcraft that has subjected woman as we find her. On Morality I have no idea of submitting tamely to injustice inflicted either on me or on the slave. I will oppose it with all the moral powers with which I am endowed. I am no advocate of passivity. If our principles are right, why should we be cowards? Liberty is not less a blessing, because oppression has so long darkened the mind that it can not appreciate it. My conviction led me to adhere to the sufficiency of the light within us, resting on truth for authority, not on authority for truth. We too often bind ourselves by authorities rather than by the truth. On Christianity It is time that Christians were judged more by their likeness to Christ than their notions of Christ. Were this sentiment generally admitted we should not see such tenacious adherence to what men deem the opinions and doctrines of Christ while at the same time in every day practice is exhibited anything but a likeness to Christ. The cause of peace has had my share of efforts, taking the ultra non-resistance ground - that a Christian cannot consistently uphold, and actively support, a government based on the sword, or whose ultimate resort is to the destroying weapons. Quotes About Lucretia Mott Ralph Waldo Emerson She brings domesticity and common sense, and that propriety which every man loves, directly into this hurly-burly, and makes every bully ashamed. Her courage is no merit, one almost says, where triumph is so sure. Elizabeth Cady Stanton Having known Lucretia Mott, not only in the flush of life, when all her faculties were at their zenith but in the repose of advanced age, her withdrawal from our midst seems as natural and as beautiful as the changing foliage of some grand oak from the spring-time to the autumn.

Orange juice target market Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Orange juice target market - Essay Example The customer service is covered by giving a number on the back of the packaging to contact in case of further information, problems and suggestions. The advertisement is properly designed for its desired target market as it has both its USP placed at the front of the package in order to make the customer know what the manufacturers are offering. The saving option that the juice offers is also written on the package. The product is simply Apple juice, it's a normal consumer non durable good that has nutrients and gives energy plus the taste of apple is sweeter than that of orange hence making it more preferred among Apple Juice lovers. The pricing has been done keeping in mind a low profit margin and cost of ingredients. The target market is an essential factor in this case to decide the price of the product. The promotion is done by advertisement and signboards plus the one USP of the product that it does not have any added sugar. The quality of the packaging is also less enhanced and attractive. The distribution is at all the vendors of juices, bakeries, grocery stores and super stores that are located near the potential customers of this product. ... The customer service is maintained through a mail address that is provided at the back the customer who has a query can write to the company to get the desired information. The product promotion technique and the USP is telling that its designed for the lower and the lower middle class people. The saving option with this product is higher than the offer with the previous product. The packaging is also not that expensive as compared to the last product. Campbell's V8 Juice This juice targets the upper middle class and the upper class, which is diet conscious and need energy through out the day plus the people who love carrot juice. The product is the carrot juice manufactured by Campbell. The product offers energy boost and carrot juice also helps in finishing blood problems. The pricing is based on four factors the major one being the class that the product is catering to, then comes the profit margin and the cost of ingredients that the company bares and in the end the brand name. The promotion is done through television advertisement and banners. Other techniques used are the USP of the product, that include the level of energy it provides plus removing the major problems that can arise in the blood of people. Distribution channel is through the vendors, juice and cold drink stores and all the major super store of the country. The shelve position is also a vital one hence the customer can locate the product easily. The juice is easily available around the country in any location. The customer service is handled through calls, emails and mails. The queries are answered immediately and appropriately. Suggesti ons to improve the product are also welcomed by the manufacturers, as they

IT GOVERNANCE WITH RISK MANAGEMENT IMPACT ON THE GOVERNMENT SECTOR Essay

IT GOVERNANCE WITH RISK MANAGEMENT IMPACT ON THE GOVERNMENT SECTOR BUSINESS STRATEGY - Essay Example It has the capability of influencing how the company objectives are set and achieved, how risks are being monitored and assessed and how the performances are being optimized. Applying the concept of governance to IT, Rego and Wilson (2012) define IT governance as the setting up of structures, processes and relational mechanisms around the way an organization aligns its IT strategy with its business strategy. IT is a critical element of governance and usually entails the study and use of systems such as computers and telecommunication equipments for storing, sending and retrieving information (Rego & Wilson, 2012). Erkens, Hung and Matos, (2012) place the responsibility of IT governance on the board of directors and the executive management. From this perspective, IT governance is seen to be a crucial part of the enterprise management and entails leadership and organizational structures and processes that ensure that the company IT sustains and extends to the organization strategy and objectives. From this definition, IT management remains a main actor within the IT governance process. However, although IT management and IT governance are closely related, the two concepts are different since IT management is in charge of providing effective IT services, with supplying and management of IT services and products. On the other hand, IT governance focuses on the performance and service deliv ery aimed at achieving the demands of customers and shareholders. IT governance is surrounded with risks, which means that risk management is inevitably a component of IT governance as well as corporate governance. It follows, therefore, that the teams responsible for the governance of a governmental entity must consider IT and understand how critical the risks are to the organization and manage them according to their priority level. This becomes more important when it is considered that the government sector often struggles to deal with inadequate or

Downloading (Piracy) files, Music, movies etc. is immoral or wrong Essay

Downloading (Piracy) files, Music, movies etc. is immoral or wrong - Essay Example File – sharers distribute material free of cost to others (Piracy). However, their activity is classified as piracy and it is illegal. It is only the copyright owners who have the sole right to sell or distribute their copyrighted material. This right is infringed when such material is exchanged freely. As such, it is an act of piracy; because, such free exchange prevents copyright owners from regulating the sale and distribution of their copyrighted material (Piracy). Consequently, piracy is immoral. Software piracy is increasing at a more rapid pace than the growth of the software industry. Piracy is unethical and equivalent to stealing a commodity from a shop. (Legal, Ethical & Social Issues). The only difference is that shoplifters are arrested and punished immediately, whereas pirates are never arrested. The new breed of pirates on the Internet use a technology called file – sharing technology. They justify their actions, by stating that they do not distribute pirated software for making profits or for acquiring any financial advantage. Consequently, they claim that they should not be termed pirates or subjected to punishment (Legal, Ethical & Social Issues). They argue that they distribute copyrighted software free; which makes it very difficult, to prosecute and punish them under the provisions of law. File – sharers distribute music files to other members. There are several tools on the Internet such as Kazaa, Grokster, and Gnutella, which are file – sharing programs. The music is distributed in the MP3 format. With the introduction of broadband, the internet gained speed and bandwidth. This has permitted file - sharers to distribute movies and television programs (Piracy). File sharing has become a commonly practiced form of piracy on the Internet. It is illegal and subject to prosecution on charges of infringement of copyright. Pirated software is

Importance of Financial Accounting of Government Affairs in World and Research Paper

Importance of Financial Accounting of Government Affairs in World and More Specifically in Africa - Research Paper Example Government accounting is the process that encompasses recording, analysis, classification, summary, communication, and interpretation of financial information about government conduct in financial domain in aggregate. It is detailed reflection of transactions and other economic events involving the receipt, payments, spending, transfer, usability and disposition of assets and liabilities (International Federation of Accountants, 2000). 1.2 Purpose of Government Accounting: Government disclosure in accounting provides citizen evidence and reasoning for the raising of funds from public and donors and domains where the said amount is made useful with its cost and benefits information also exportable from such statements. Government accounting is also an important source of information for national and international investors about how the economy is being run based on internal revenues, local or international debts. Information disclosed in government accounting statements are fulfillme nt of â€Å"their right to know† about the government strategy regarding the accounting and finance of the country (GASB 2006, p. 5). Government accounting, concisely, is required to serve the following three purposes based on their priority (Chan, 2003): BASIC PURPOSE: Basic purpose of government accounting is to prevent and detect public treasury from corruption and graft. Citing report by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the International Development Association, Thomas (2001, p. 38) mentioned that countries with heavy debt and poor state of economic stability 'lack the practices and procedures necessary for budgeting, monitoring, and reporting on the use of public resources'. INTERMEDIATE PURPOSE: Intermediate purpose of government accounting is to ensure the robust and thorough financial management of public resources through budget planning and presenting actual activities. ADVANCE PURPOSE: The advance purpose of government accounting is to help government ensu re its accountability to public. To achieve this purpose it is required to have efficiency on three levels; accountability of the bureaucracy to the chief executive, of the executive to the legislature, and of the government to the people. Transparency in government accounts serves to ensure efficiency in economy and a weapon against government theft and frauds. Accounting information can be used to monitor and enforce the terms of economic, social and political contracts; when government conduct any market transaction its information from financial statements can be used for economic accounting of government. Similarly, when government levies any tax to finance its budgetary needs, details regarding its need and benefit can be assessed for political accounting of government (Chan, 2003).Hence, accounting for government is more for accountability as it involves public resources. Acknowledgment of the importance of government

The Urban Thought of Jane Jacobs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The Urban Thought of Jane Jacobs - Essay Example These books presented an in dept look into the perspective urban economics, growth of open ended methods and the basic essentiality of dynamism in the thought process. In 1992 she published another book named Systems of Survival that looked into the aspects of political philosophy and the interpretation of political philosophies but here also the theme remained attached to the functionality of urbanization and development related to urbanization and its ultimate consequences. The method of Jane Jacobs is quite different from her contemporaries who indulge into the aspects of thought process related to the facet of urban planning. Her basic mode of operation is a combination of different subjects like sociology, journalism and literature here the ultimate result is a well written book the looks at the parameters of a city from the perspective of the street-corners or sidewalks. He is not a person whose perspective or notion about a city develops from the cushion and air conditioned chambered point of view but she is more of a down to earth person when it comes to determining the nature of a city with its vibe and day to day affairs. Jane Jacobs believes that the basic health of a city depends on several variables. According to belief a healthy city must be serendipitous, spontaneous, messy and organic in nature. But at the same time she indicates that the cities to be really healthy they must formulate a planning where there would be use of mixed lands and not just a compilation of concrete structures that have just office parks and business plazas. She believes that the city must have human diversity, a good economic infrastructure and should have an agricultural mode. There should not be only office structure that replace densely populated neighborhoods for city beautification or slum clearance but should be targeted towards redevelopment plan that focus on diversity and well being. In her words "it (cities) should be like itself. Every city has differences, from its history, from its site, and so on. These are important. One of the most dismal things is when you go to a city and it's like 12 others you've se en. That's not interesting, and it's not really truthful." (Steigerwald, 1) It should be remembered in this context that Jane Jacobs never had the luxury of professional training in city planning. In fact the only qualification she had was her diploma from high school. This is an extraordinary feat considering the fact that her radical ideas as published in The Death and Life of Great American Cities reveals the freshness of a mind that indulges deeply into the solution statements of deep rooted problems associated with city planning and improvement. Thus her ideas of the variables to make a city more livable became very popular among many segments of thinkers of the subject and few even started to consider her writing as fundamental as the Bible. However, it should be remembered that the popularity of Jacobs also depended on the activities that she was involved outside the parameters of writing books and her active participation with civic activism and New York protection wings made her yet more popular. It should also be noted that though she was born in S cranton, Pennsylvania she later moved to Toronto and lived there till her last breath. There is however an

Importance of Financial Accounting of Government Affairs in World and Research Paper

Importance of Financial Accounting of Government Affairs in World and More Specifically in Africa - Research Paper Example Government accounting is the process that encompasses recording, analysis, classification, summary, communication, and interpretation of financial information about government conduct in financial domain in aggregate. It is detailed reflection of transactions and other economic events involving the receipt, payments, spending, transfer, usability and disposition of assets and liabilities (International Federation of Accountants, 2000). 1.2 Purpose of Government Accounting: Government disclosure in accounting provides citizen evidence and reasoning for the raising of funds from public and donors and domains where the said amount is made useful with its cost and benefits information also exportable from such statements. Government accounting is also an important source of information for national and international investors about how the economy is being run based on internal revenues, local or international debts. Information disclosed in government accounting statements are fulfillme nt of â€Å"their right to know† about the government strategy regarding the accounting and finance of the country (GASB 2006, p. 5). Government accounting, concisely, is required to serve the following three purposes based on their priority (Chan, 2003): BASIC PURPOSE: Basic purpose of government accounting is to prevent and detect public treasury from corruption and graft. Citing report by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the International Development Association, Thomas (2001, p. 38) mentioned that countries with heavy debt and poor state of economic stability 'lack the practices and procedures necessary for budgeting, monitoring, and reporting on the use of public resources'. INTERMEDIATE PURPOSE: Intermediate purpose of government accounting is to ensure the robust and thorough financial management of public resources through budget planning and presenting actual activities. ADVANCE PURPOSE: The advance purpose of government accounting is to help government ensu re its accountability to public. To achieve this purpose it is required to have efficiency on three levels; accountability of the bureaucracy to the chief executive, of the executive to the legislature, and of the government to the people. Transparency in government accounts serves to ensure efficiency in economy and a weapon against government theft and frauds. Accounting information can be used to monitor and enforce the terms of economic, social and political contracts; when government conduct any market transaction its information from financial statements can be used for economic accounting of government. Similarly, when government levies any tax to finance its budgetary needs, details regarding its need and benefit can be assessed for political accounting of government (Chan, 2003).Hence, accounting for government is more for accountability as it involves public resources. Acknowledgment of the importance of government

Doctrine of Mistake in Common Law Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Doctrine of Mistake in Common Law - Case Study Example In some other cases even when the contract is valid in law, it may be rendered voidable in equity on the ground of mistake. The general thinking used to be that mistakes could not be operative in law until in case of Kleinwort Benson v Liverpool City Council3 when the House of Lords declared that this rule is not part of English law. Treitel4 has considered the laws relating to mistake under five headings: Common Mistake; Mutual Mistake; Unilateral Mistake; Mistake as to Identity; Mistake Relating to Documents. While commentators are not agreed as to the classifications of Mistake, Treitel5 in his book; The Laws of contract, 11th edition, deals with Mistake by contrasting Mistake nullifying consent (Parties reach agreement which is based on a fundamental mistaken assumption) with Mistake negativing consent (Where mistake prevents the parties from reaching an agreement e.g. where they intend to contract about different things). Some commentators have gone on to divide mistake into two parts, that is, common mistake shared by the parties, and mistake in communication. In a common mistake shared by both parties, although both parties apparently in agreement, have entered into the contract on the basis of a false and fundamental assumption. It is called common mistake since both parties make the same mistake. The contract is not necessarily void at law in these circumstances. In the case In the case of Bell v Lever Brothers Ltd.6, definition of common mistake in contract law was made. During March of 1929 the Niger Company, which dealt in trade in the western African area, was merging with a rival company and wanted to get rid of two employees Mr. Bell and Mr. Snelling, who were hired as chairman and vice-chairman of the company. Chairman D'Arcy Cooper on behalf of Lever Brothers7 made a deal with Bell and Snelling to leave the company in exchange for a sizable compensation (a "Golden handshake8"). At the time of the agreement both parties believed that the employment contract had not been breached and thus the company would not have been able to terminate Bell and Snellings' employment under any other circumstances. It was later revealed that there was in fact grounds for termination at the time of the agreement as Bell and Snelling had used their positions to make a secret profit for themselves. Lever brought an action claiming recission of the compensation agreement because of mistake of fact. At trial the jury found that Bell and Snelling's illicit dealings breached the employment contract and that if the Lever Brothers had known they would not have entered into the agreement. Furthermore, the jury found that at the time of the agreement Bell and Snelling did not have in mind their illicit acts. Lever Brothers pursued the case vigorously as it considered the behavior of Bell and Snelling simply unacceptable. To appreciate this legal battle you have to understand the background of the personalities involved. Francis D'Arcy Cooper - a senior partner with his uncle's accountancy firm Cooper Brothers and staunch Quaker9 - became chairman of audit client Lever Brothers in the early 1920s. He was hired by Lord Leverhulme10 when the banks were threatening to call the loans on the company due to devastating losses incurred by the newly acquired Niger Company that crippled Lever Brothers. Cooper arranged financing from Barclays Bank under the

William Shakespeare’s Sonnet 129 Essay Example for Free

William Shakespeare’s Sonnet 129 Essay William Shakespeare’s Sonnet 129 is a classic Shakespearian Sonnet from his distinguished collection published in 1609. The Shakespearean Sonnet is unquestionably the most intellectual and dramatic of poetic forms and, when written well, is a masterpiece not only of poetic talent but intellectual talent as well. Like the majority of sonnets, Sonnet 129 has fourteen lines and is organized into an octave followed by a sestet; or more in depth, three quatrains followed by a heroic couplet. However, there is one thing about this poem that does not follow the traditional cookie cutter model of a Shakespearean Sonnet. The distinctiveness is that this particular sonnet does not have the volta or thematic turn which generally shifts the mood or thematic direction, the topic of discussion and the mood in which it is written remains the same. There are, of course, other sonnets that Shakespeare wrote that also do not have a volta. The words of this poem discuss the issue of sex and lustful desire and the negative effects that they have on humanity. Shakespeare artistically puts the issue into three categories: lust as a longing for future pleasure, lust as it is consummated in the present, and finally, lust as it is remembered after the pleasurable experience, when it becomes a source of shame. These three categories are organized flawlessly into the three Sicilian Quatrains of the sonnet which all lead up to the heroic or rhyming couplet at the end. These final two closing lines fundamentally state that everyone in the world knows everything that has been said very well, they know and have experienced the consequences of lustful desires; and yet, no one knows well enough to stay away from this magnificent experience that leads us to a state of suffering. The meter of this sonnet follows the traditional guiding principles by using iambic pentameter. Therefore, for the most part, each line is divided into five feet and each of these feet are made up of an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed one. However, there are some exceptions within the sonnet that deserve mentioning. The very first foot of the first line, â€Å"Th’expense,† has to be read in this way, as opposed to â€Å"the expense,† in order to preserve the iambic rhythm of the sonnet from the very beginning. Lines three and four of the first quatrain are essentially an angry list of what lust is. The word cruel, in line four, produces an interesting effect. Shakespeare could have chosen an obvious two syllable word, but he did not do such a thing, that would be too easy. He chooses a word that fulfills the iambic rhythm, but in effect, disrupts it and works against it. Rhyme, when done appropriately, produces an effect that free verse simply does not match and cannot reproduce. When being used by a professional such as Shakespeare, rhyme is not just about being appealing, proper or elegant; it directs the reader’s ear and mind, strengthening thought and thematic ideas. The rhyme scheme within Sonnet 129 is rather common. The first quatrain is ABAB, the second is CDCD, the third is EFEF, and finally, the couplet at the end is GG. The most important attribute of the Shakespearean Sonnet is it’s rhyme scheme, rather than the meter. This is because the essence of the Shakespearean Sonnet is in its sense of drama. The rhyme scheme, because of the way it directs the ear, reinforces the dramatic feel of the sonnet and enhances the To conclude, Sonnet 129 is not exactly the most original in form, meter, rhythm or rhyme; nevertheless, it has a very thought-provoking subject matter and presents an enlightening notion that is left to be pondered upon by all.

Are Bureaucratic and Scientific methods of Management out of date?

Are Bureaucratic and Scientific methods of Management out of date? The ideas of the classical theorists, particularly those of bureaucracy and scientific management, are generally considered as rather old fashioned and out of date, and of little relevance to work and organisation today. Is this really the case? Consider the above statement through a critical examination of practices which can be identified in work today. In your analysis, you should draw upon appropriate academic material, and also other sources which can help in identifying current practices. These can include your own experiences from work, those of family relatives and friends, weblogs, working life diaries, newspaper articles and other media reports. Classical Management Theory is a Body of  management  thought based on the belief that  employees  have only  economical  and physical  needs, and that social needs and need for  job-satisfaction  either dont exist or are unimportant. Accordingly, this school  advocates  high  specialization of labor, centralized  decision making, and  profit maximization. (www.businessdictionary.com) To have originated at the end of the nineteenth century and in the beginning of the twentieth century, the Classical Management Theory dominated management thinking in the 1920s and 1930s by emphasising on the efficiency of the work process. Classical Management Theory has three schools of thought, Scientific Management, which identifies the best way to do a line of work; Bureaucratic Management, which focuses on rules and procedure, hierarchy and clear division of labour; and Administrative Management, which emphasises the flow of information within the organisation. (www.le hren.org) The aim of this essay is to discuss the three schools of thought of Classical Management Theory and to find out that whether they have really become outdated and are of little relevance to work and organisation in todays world. Frederick Taylor is known as the begetter of Scientific Management. Taylors approach was to increase organisational productiveness by raising the efficiency level of the production process through emphasising on the empirical research. Especially in the United States where labour was in short supply, especially the skilled labour, at the start of the twentieth century and the only way of increasing productivity was by raising the efficiency of the workers. Scientific Management states that the line of work should be designed in such a way that every worker has a well-controlled and well-stipulated task, and specific methods and procedures are strictly followed for each job. (www.lehren.org; Cole, 2004) Taylors management theory is founded upon a fundamental belief that managers not only are intellectually better than an average employee, but they have a positive duty as well to oversee staff and to organise their work activities. Therefore, his theory was only used on low-level repet itive and routine tasks which could be easily managed at supervisory level. Taylor developed four principles for his theory of Scientific Management. First principle is to scientifically develop best methodology to perform each task. Second principle is that managers should make sure that the best person is picked to perform the task and to make sure that he/she gets the best training. Third principle is that managers are responsible for assuring that the best person selected for the job does it by applying the best methodology. Last principle Taylor developed was that total responsibility for the work method should be removed from the worker and should be passed on to the management, and the employee is only responsible for the actual work performance. (Cole, 2004; Boddy, 2005) On production-line time studies Taylor has based his management system. Taylor contrived the best and quickest methods of performing each component by breaking down each job into its components and applying time study as his base. He also tried to persuade employers to pay a higher rate to more productive workers. In the early parts of twentieth century Scientific Management Theory became very popular as its use was shown to lead to improvements in productivity and efficiency in organisations and businesses. Max Weber is known as the father of Modern Sociology. He had first used the term bureaucracy to describe an organisational form which in his view was superior to others. He viewed an ideal organisation to be bureaucratic whose divisions of labour were clearly expressed and whose objectives and activities were rationally thought. He believed that performance evaluation should entirely be made on the basis of merit and that technical competence should be emphasized on. The key elements of a bureaucracy are defined by Weber as: A clear chain of command within a well-defined hierarchy where the top post holders have the authority and the right to control the lower post holders; Specialisation of skills and clear division of labour, where every employee will have the authority and essential expertise to finish a particular task; In writing, accurate and complete rules and regulations, to control and govern all decisions, activities and situations; Distant relationships between employees a nd managers, with clear duties of personnel and statements of the rights; And all the decisions regarding selection, recruitment and promotion will be made on the basis of technical competence. The framework Weber provided for his theory of Bureaucratic Management advanced the formation of many huge corporations such as Ford. (www.lehren.org; Stoner et al, 1996) Henri Fayol a French industrialist was one of the most influential management thinkers who developed one of the Classical Management Theory known as Administrative Management. Scientific Management theory was concerned with increasing the productiveness of the shop floor while Fayols theory grew out of the need to find guidelines to manage complex organisations like factories. An early effort pioneered by Fayol was to identify the skills and principles that underlie effective management. According to Cole (2004), Fayol believed that sound management falls into certain patterns which once identified can be analysed, so he focused on management of business operations, which he felt had been the most neglected. He developed fourteen general principles of management based on his management experience. It was generally believed that mangers are born not made, before Fayol. He insisted that management was a skill like other skills which could be taught and learned once the principles under lying it were understood. The ideas Classical Theorists have presented still have many applications in the management of todays organisations but with some modifications. Managers of today are facing many internal challenges which are similar to the ones faced by the managers during earlier periods. Like Taylors concern for increase productivity of workers is still shared by managers. The Scientific Management theory is still relevant, even today but it is not as popular as it was in the past. The job design it presented is still widely used in industries today and has made most of the industrial work repetitive, tedious, menial and depressing, and can be noted for example in fast-food restaurants like KFC and McDonald and in assembly lines of automobile manufacturers. McDonalds divides its operation into a number of tasks such as operating a deep fryer or cooking operation, supervising and assign people to perform the tasks. The modern mass automobile assembly lines pour out finished merchandises faster than Taylor could have ever thought off or imagined. In addition to this, the efficiency techniques of Scientific Management are used in the training of Surgeons. Armies in the past employed the Scientific Management theory and armies of today still employ the same theory. Of the main points listed select workers with appropriate or necessary skills for each job, a standard method to perform each task, training for standard task, eliminating interruptions and wage incentive for increasing output and planning work all but wage incentives are used by modern military for increased output. Wage incentives usually appear in the form of skill bonuses in armies. Furthermore, industrial engineers of today are also taught Scientific Management methods which include job-tasks analysis, time and motion studies and detailed production planning regarding the field of operation research and management. In United States Bureaucratic Management is still used by service-based organisations like libraries. Libraries of Wichita State University are one concrete example where Webers Bureaucratic Management ideas are still applied. Postal service in United States is also still using bureaucracy. (www.biz.colostate.edu) Piece rate and mass production line systems are still being used in the manufacturing and garment industries of Mauritius. Sea-food hub is another industry where the Classical Management Theories are also applied. But since the emergence and formulation of the Classical Management Theories in the nineteenth century the economic landscape has rapidly changed. Businesses of today do not exist in a vacuum. They have become open systems with dynamic and constant interaction with the environment. Business environment of today is highly competitive and global, and managers of today are increasingly becoming aware of the business environment and its effects. There are two types of business environment known as the internal and the external environment. Factors that can be relatively controlled by the organisation relates to the internal environment. These factors are the employees, owners, customers, suppliers, pressure groups and authorities. The external environment constitutes of Political, Economical, Social and Technological (PEST) factors that cannot be controlled by the organisation. (Boddy, 2005) Business environment of today is characterised with uncertainty, changes and innovation. At the same time concern about the natural environment has also emerged worldwide. Current natural concerns are climate changes, pollution, ozone depletion and other global issues like population and food security. It is becoming more challenging because of the commotion in the financial sector and global economic slowdown. Businesses must adapt to the environment at all cost or die. As McDonalds have concluded managers of today have to be concerned not only with the scientific facts but with the environment and the public perception. The business environment in todays world is becoming exceedingly competitive and tough for organisations. The level of competition in almost every sector is intensifying. New opportunities and threats are being created constantly due to the changes in technology. Every aspect of the business environment is sweeping with rapid change and prompting the managers to rethink the ways in which they do things. Smart companies are those which are working hard to improve their productivity, efficiency, testing new initiatives and adapting to the changing environment and technology in order to differentiate themselves from the competitors existing in these highly competitive business environments. The command and control style of management which was presented in the Classical Management Theories will work in an environment where there is plenty of room for error and both competition and change is limited, but in todays age of communication and computing it is impossible for such a case to exist. Things are changing very quickly in todays business environment and profit margins for organisations are reducing, and in addition to this more and more things are happening on a continuous basis. So due to the rapid pace at which changes are occurring, it has become important for organisations to push down decision-making to the level in the organisation that has all of the relevant information at the time when a decision has to be made. This calls for quiet different management attitudes, and demands for a flexible and democratic point of view and that accountability must be delegated, but all these things are not present in the Classical Management Theories. So for organisations to compete successfully with other organisations at national and international level, managers must act as entrepreneurs and try to create new business models that is to re-plan, strategize, rethink, learn continuously and innovate. The most important source for businesses to gain competitive advantage and sustainable development is innovation and innovative management. The theories presented by the classical theorists cannot cope with the dramatic and rapid changes of the business environment. Every procedure, standard ratio, process and rule of thumb is being challenged and re-engineered. Classical Management Theories which once were reliable guides for managers now are not enough for mangers to base their decisions and take actions upon them. So to conclude, organisations today are mostly influenced by the external environment (continuous technology change, globalisation, fierce market share competition, hiring and retaining front line workers and executives) that often fluctuate with time. Yet Classical Management Theories only portrays the image of an organisation that is not shaped by the external influences. In todays world of Classical Management Theories are gradually fading and the principal reason behind this is that people and their needs are considered as secondary to the needs of an organisation by Classical theorists. Nowadays, Human Resource Management has also very seriously challenged the scientific approach. Furthermore, in organisations the Bureaucratic Management is rapidly giving way to the Matrix structure. However, Classical Management Theories are still important because they had introduced the concepts of management for intellectual analysis and provided ideas which were further developed by the sub sequent management schools of thought. References Boddy, D. (2005), Management An Introduction. 3rd ed. Essex: Pearson Education Limited. Classic School Of Management, [online] Available at: http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/classical-school-of-management.html [Accessed 8 December 2010]. Cole, G.A. (2004). Management: Theory and Practice. 6th ed. London: Thomson Learning Management Evolution, [online] Available at: http://www.biz.colostate.edu [Accessed 8 December 2010]. Module: Fundamentals of Organisation. [online] Available at: http://lehren.org/foundations/fundamentals.htm [Accessed 8 December 2010]. Stoner, J.A.F., et al (1996). Management. 6th ed. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, Inc.

Cold War Essay :: essays research papers

THE COLD WAR The Cold War was a very complex war. Many ideas, conflicts and emotions were going on. This was a major turning point for the word war. War became a much more powerful word. However, this war did bring the people together to work at solutions like none other. We have learned from this experience. The Cold War could have been prevented. Franklin Roosevelt gave Eastern Europe to the Russians at Yalta. When Roosevelt negotiated at Yalta, he was not feeling the pain and needs of the people in Nazi concentration camps and the fire bombings. However the rest of Europe wanted revenge for this. They wanted reparations and a guarantee that this would never happen again. Roosevelt did not give them what they wanted. It could have been prevented if Roosevelt had taken advantage of his negotiating position in Yalta, the Soviets would not have created the buffer zones. If these were not created Russia would be much more vulnerable. Also Russia would have been isolated from Europe by a distance. With its advancements in technology the Soviet Union was fast connecting with Europe. No more was it isolated, it became the center of attention. Had Russia not been invalid with the political struggles of Europe, its power and interest after WW2 would have declined. Even with its nuclear capabilities, Russia would have been far less likely to use such a devastating device, had the country’s political involvement declined to pre-war levels. It was the Iron curtain which brought Russia to the limelight, and it was also Roosevelt who sold the land to Stalin for which he could build his buffer zone. Its somewhat ironic that a buffer zone brought Russia closer to the west. The arms race could have been prevented, but not stopped. It can be explained like this: There are two obvious options to build weapons or to not build. If no power was building then there would be an incentive to build. Once this power starts to build the other powers have no choice but to build (or be completely â€Å"powerless†). There are a way to solve this however. I suggest either there is some policy to not start an arms race. Of course this is difficult to monitor but is better than nothing.

Needs Are Artificially Created

Skills assignment 1: ‘Needs Are Artificially Created’ Requirements Max 700 words incl referencing, titles Excl bibliography Source for every argument APA referencing Explain terminology Intro * Definition of marketing * Definition of needs -> motives -> biogenic or psychogenic, artificial needs? , wants and demands * Definition of artificially creating * Represent the guiding essay question, represent your stance: needs are already existent and marketing merely satisfies the needs. Needs pre-exist marketing. Essay question: Are the ‘needs’ of consumers artificially created? Body 1 Theoretical argument (assumption): * Theory of rational consumer choice * Microeconomics book: research combinations of prices and goods, preferences, optimal consumption point * Maslow pyramid: needs are in a hierarchical order, but they already exist. logical reasoning: needs are prefilled, therefore cannot be created. Marketing is mainly guidance for consumers about availability and prices of products. 2 Empirical arguments -> factual * Contra: observations that disprove iPhones/Tablets -> statistics of sales * Industry of organic food -> statistics * Pro * Safety advertisements Conclusion ————————————————- Summarize. Clear end sentence â€Å"Marketers do not create needs: Needs preexist marketers, marketers along with other societal factors, influence wants. Marketers might promote idea that Mercedes would satisfy a person’s need for social status. They do not, however, create the need for social status†. (Philip Kotler, Marketing Management: eleventh edition, chapter one, page no. 1) Need becomes motive (p 98 kotler) when it is aroused to a sufficient level of intensity to drive us to act. 3 theoretical arguments: freud, maslow, Herzberg. Freud: psychological shaping behaviour i. e. need for recognition, esteem or belonging. Freud states that there’s unconscious behaviour/needs/motivation†¦ Such as size, shape, weight and brand name. Marketers can use the technique â€Å"laddering† which traces a person’s motivations on a scale. (look up? ) This can help the marketer decide at what level to develop the message and appeal.

Compare of the Poets Present Emotions in the Poems In Paris With You and Ghazal

In these poems, the poets use a range of techniques to present feelings and emotion from the point of the speaker. Ghazal is in the style of a traditional Persian love poem, which puts forward powerful imagery and metaphors, in an attempt to summarise the emotion of love, while In Paris With You is a playful attempt to woo a previous lover in a more informal, colloquial way. Ghazal, as mentioned before, is written like a love poem. However, one may consider it an example of role reversal- unusually; it is written from the point of view of a woman, not a man.Although it is not a sonnet, the form of poem is a Ghazal- this is a type of song, of mystical love poetry: we can thus compare it to a sonnet in the way that love is explored as a theme. It is structured in rhyming couplets- these can be described like poems themselves, as they capture the speaker’s strong feeling of attachment. These also contain refrain words, which help to drive in the points being made, such as â€Å" me†, which forms part of the weak rhyme scheme.The love in the poem can be seen in the first stanza- â€Å"If I am the grass and you the breeze, blow through me/ If I am the rose and you the bird, then woo me†. These examples of natural imagery mean we can see how the idea of the speaker and the person they address being together is beneficial- in fact, drawing from the imagery, we could go further and say that the idea is a natural (good) thing. Another emotion present is longing. This is the feeling of desperation to be with the other person talked to.Focusing on the language used, Ghazal makes extensive use of metaphors to explore the relationship between the speaker and the person they feel love for. Many of the metaphors are in the form of pairs of items or objects that complement each other, reflecting the way in which the speaker sees the relationship. For example, â€Å"what shape should I take to marry your own, have you- hawk to my shadow, moth to my flame â €“ pursue me? † showcases the idea that the speaker is willing to transform to suit the other, in â€Å"†¦what shape†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . This could also be a cue to the reader that the writer is perhaps lacking in some confidence..Another example is â€Å"If you are the rhyme and I the refrain don’t hang/ on my lips, come and I’ll come too when you cue me†: using enjambment to keep the poem flowing like a song. Also, the two sides of a relationship are likened to being like the â€Å"rhyme† and â€Å"refrain†, which suggests a sense of the two people being one unit together. This refrain could be the word â€Å"me†: because it appears so frequently in comparison, it could be a representation of the lover showing inferiority to the one she loves, and desperation. In Paris with You is a poem with a theme of longing also.The speaker is this time a man recounting a relationship he had moved on from. Perhaps this could have been partly due to a certain partiality to drinking alcohol, which we are told about in â€Å"And I get tearful/when I’ve had a drink or two†. â€Å"I'm on the rebound† shows that it must have been rather long-term, if he is describing a recovery from it. Unlike Ghazal, which is less clear about the outcome, In Paris with You suggests that the relationship is a reality. The poem, unlike Ghazal, is made up of two stanzas of about 5 lines, which deal with the run-up to the situation, and then a longer one in the middle,.It could be argued that this represents a pause for thought, as then the mood, or tone, of the poem changes, as in the next two stanzas, the speaker focuses on enjoying the present, such as â€Å"that crack across the ceiling/ and the hotel walls are peeling/ and I’m in Paris with you†, which shows that the speaker does not care for the surroundings when he is with the woman he loves. Indeed, this could be described as the summary of the poem, o r meaning- us being together is far more important than being in traditional romantic and beautiful locations, such as the Notre Dame (more beautiful than romantic), which he promptly tells to â€Å"sod off†.In terms of language, the opening is not like Ghazal’s in the respect that it starts with the negative â€Å"but†, to discourage the person he is talking to from â€Å"talk(ing) to me of love†. This is an opportunity to recognise the colloquial nature of the poem, such as the use of the phrases â€Å"an earful†, and â€Å"sod off to sodding Notre-Dame†. This contrasts heavily with the more formal, overwritten tone present in Ghazal. We can also see this as the speaker makes words to carry on his rhyme scheme, such as â€Å"wounded/ marooned†, which brings a playful nature.Similarly, the final stanza draws heavily on the phrase â€Å"in Paris with you†, to show the importance of being with the person he wants to be with, and then â€Å"am I embarrassing you? † is used to add to the teasing nature of the tone. Looking to the tone, which we have just looked at, I believe that another emotion brought forward is playfulness, in the way that more orthodox methods of seducing people are turned down in favour of just being with each other, albeit in a way that uses references to â€Å"embarrassing† ideas about romance, and love poems.In conclusion, the two poems Ghazal and In Paris with You deal with the same topics of love and longing, using techniques such as imagery, contrast, and metaphor achieve these pictures, but the latter feels more like a pastiche to the first in the way that its colloquial and abrupt humorous tone is a juxtaposition to the comparatively formal of the first.

Sections:

Section Four: Software to Support Assessment 1)In a 750-1,000 word essay, draft your proposal to utilize software to support assessment in the classroom as a part of your Comprehensive Classroom Technology Plan (Benchmark Assessment), which is due in Module 7. Consider the following: a)In what ways can technology facilitate the ongoing effort to assess student learning? b)What is the difference between formative assessment and summative assessment and how can technology be used to facilitate both? c)What are the pros and cons of using technology to assess student learning? )Should a teacher only use technology to assess student learning? Why or why not? 2)Support your rationale from your required readings and from three to five peer-reviewed articles from the GCU eLibrary. 3)Prepare this assignment according to the guidelines found in the GCU Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center. An abstract is not required. 4)The instructor will provide commentary on your draft, which you will then use as a basis for revising this section. The revised section will then become part of the complete Comprehensive Classroom Technology Plan (Benchmark Assessment), due in Module 7. Refer to the rubric portion of this resource (below) for grading criteria for this assignment. 5)The draft of this section is due by the end of Module 5. Section Five: Technology Ethics in the Classroom 1)Construct a 750-1,000 word essay drafting your proposal for the ethical uses of technology in the classroom as a part of your Comprehensive Classroom Technology Plan (Benchmark Assessment), which is due in Module 7. 2)Address the following issues in your essay: a)Discuss Internet security and how you would implement this in your classroom to protect the students from Internet predators and any inappropriate material. )Explain the way that you would create proper copyright and student use agreements that could be used in your classroom or in any K-12 classroom. c)Discuss three ethical practices of technology use that you would implement in your classroom and explain their importance in a K-12 classroom. 3)Use the GCU eLibrary to research a minimum of three to five peer-reviewed artic les that can be used in support of your content. 4)Prepare this assignment according to the guidelines found in the GCU Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center. An abstract is not required.

The irish literary revival 1880-1930 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The irish literary revival 1880-1930 - Essay Example Consequently their polical views influnce their imagery, styles and ideals to a greater extent. The affinity for the land and the surge of emotion for one’s birthplace are so intertwined with the intellect of the artists involved with the I rish Literary Revival, that these emotions and feelings exert-consciously or subconsciously-great impact in shaping the ins and outs, that is, style, imagery, ideals of their literary works. There come all of the literary tools along the string of this affinity. But in the context of the Irish Literary Revival merging the political sentiment of the writers into their works bloomed to the extent to be considered as the art of political expression. All of the literary artists including W. B. Yeats, Mary Fitzerald, Douglas Hyde etc at the forepart of the Irish Literary Revival are concerned with this political expression in their works. They delve deep into the origin of art, culture, history and their concern with the political ups and downs of Ireland. Both of the writers, Yeats and Moore look back into the pages of Irish history to find out their elements of their works with a view to reviving the past. The literary elements used in their works show and at the same time reveals the souls tormented by the political fractions existing in the country. Either they relate to the events from Irish folk tales in which the heroes are down to the earth and close to the vein of the Isrish mass people. For Moore the political expression is not as explicit as it is in Yeats. Crisis of Political identity is less important than the crisis of cultural identity of the Irish. He is moved with the well and woe of the mass of Irish population. He is more concerend with the confirmation of this identity. Consequently most of the story of â€Å"the Untilled Field† take clerical interference in the daily lives of the Irish peasantry as their theme. The story ‘The Wild Goose’ renders a

Child maltreatment and abuse Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Child maltreatment and abuse - Essay Example Psychologists have concluded that many children who have been facing abuse and maltreatment from a very early age tend to suffer these diseases along with other mental health problems as they grow up. Child abuse has been regarded as one of the reasons for arising mental problems. During early days of childhood, the brain is developing and the child is learning new things. If the system of the brain is disrupted at this age and the child goes through unusual events, it affects the mental health of the child as time passes. If a child is abused at the hands of adults, he tends to lose trust in the people around him and thus, is never able to develop qualities such as love, trust and care for others around him (Regehr and Glancy, 2010). In the documentary we see that Beth wants to kill her brother, mother and father because she has lost trust at a very early age. She was tortured and sexually abused because of which she was never able to develop the qualities of loving and caring for others. She wanted to see others around her in pain as she never learned to bond with people. Such children face trauma and abuse in the early days of life and thus, they do not develop a conscious because of which they can easily hurt or even kill other people. These children do not have the ability to love or accept love. They treat others the way they have been treated in their lives (Child of Rage, 1992). Welsh (2012) explains that the abuse in childhood may shrink some of the important sides of the brain. This reduced volume of the brain explains the problems that these children face at the later stages of their life such as depression, addiction of drugs and other mental disorders. Survivors of child abuse can be treated in many ways as science has concluded. The development in the research study of these survivors shows that there are better ways in which these children can

Katrina Course work Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Katrina Course work - Coursework Example If people will not do something about it, chances are, the city will eventually vanish. Hurricane Katrina started as a tropical depression twelve due to the interaction of the tropical wave and the tropical depression. It transformed into the tropical storm status and in the span of 2 hours became a hurricane. The intensity ceased for a moment but came back growing from Category 3 hurricane to category 5 in the span of 9 hours. It decreased its intensity when it was absorbed by a frontal boundary. Yes, because the continuous rise of the intensity of the hurricane from tropical depression was nonstop. It started as a tropical depression on the 23rd of August, and within just a few hours, it transformed into category 1, to category 3, and finally made its strongest as category 5 hurricane. No, Hurricane Katrina was an extremely powerful storm. It was just too strong making it one of the five deadliest hurricanes in America and Katrina could easily change its intensity in just a few hours making it hard for the government and the people to make thorough

Summary the al chemist book Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Summary the al chemist book - Essay Example While he has to understand the importance of realizing his dreams, Santiago needs control over his fear of failure and defeat, which he may face, as he continues his quest for fortune. The characters of the story include, apart from Santiago, the gypsy woman, the old king, the crystal merchant and the English man. The story tells the alchemist being a 200 year old man, who lives at the Al-Fayoum oasis, this man has an intuition of Santiago coming to him and thus Alchemist feels his responsibility to lead and guide him in his pursuits. All these characters play an important role in his quest. As Santiago dreams about a child leading him to the pyramids of Egypt, the gypsy woman motivates him for going there, while Santiago meets the old king, who teaches him about the omens. As he buys a ticket for going to Tangier, Santiago is robbed of all his money, after he arrives there. Accordingly, Santiago has to work for the crystal merchant for almost one year, to collect money for returning home. (The Alchemist) Like all those who want to realize their dreams, Santiago needs doing something different and in this direction, he must trust completely the Alchemist, although the man may look mysterious and unreliable. He surely has knowledge, which Santiago can use. Although Santiago faces many obstacles, during his adventure and travel, he always has a clear vision about his aim and the path that he needs taking for realizing the same. Ultimately he realizes his dreams, which turn out to be far better than his expectations.( The Alchemist Summary & Study Guide

Library research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Library research - Essay Example Jimenez, E., Tejeda, A., Blanco, J. and Martinez, E. â€Å"Application of lean production with VSM to the Rioja wine sector.† International Journal of Production Research 50.7 (2012): 1890-1904. Print. The article reports on a study on the use of lean production in wine sector in La Rioja. Its subject, lean production is a theory that aims at achieving economic utilization of resources towards optimum production levels, is a topic in operations management. The authors focus on lean production in a different sector from the theory’s traditional industry of application and investigate potential use of the lean production theory for economic utility of resources in the La Rioja’s wine sector towards optimum benefits. Operations management however defines management of processes in production and transportation of goods and services to users and this incorporates lean production concepts at the management’s production stage. The authors identify significance o f lean production in attaining competitiveness and efficiency and the fact that lean production has not been popular in many sectors. The theory establishes and eliminates all activities and processes in a production that do not benefit the process. Using Main Stream Mapping, the authors demonstrates applicability of lean production in La Rioja’s wine sector with the objective of making inference from the results. Lean production was developed in Japan’s motor vehicle industry but its advantages such as lower change periods, better working environments, quality workforce and accurate improvement initiatives has extended its popularity and application in other industries. Results show â€Å"reduction in raw materials† that â€Å"clarifying and quality test process† aids as well as lower inventory level for the organizations in the region’s wine sector. A number of benefits to the sector are attributed to the lean production strategy and examples inc lude lower overall production lead-time that can reduce by up to 60 percent, lower cost of raw materials from reduced volume, and this decrease can be as much as 13 percent of an organization’s expenditure on raw materials. The production approach also reduces losses and depreciation in materials’ value over the production process and facilitates communication between involved parties and departments in a production process. Improved efficiency in space and equipment utilization and better allocation of human resources across the production process are other identified benefits from the study. The results are valid because of their simulation in the target population with positive outcomes (Jimenez, Perez, Blanco and Martinez 1890- 1902). The article demonstrates the role of operations management, through lean production, in organization’s production efficiency and profitability. It identifies efficiency through improvements in production activities and processe s such as economical utility of time, space and human resource and improved quality that is also a result of the efficiency. This corresponds to the overall management objective, considering operations management as a branch of management, of reducing overall costs and improving overall revenues. The article therefore explains the role of oper